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| Author(s): |
Aline Bianca de Paiva Abrantes
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Master's Dissertation |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2017-04-07 |
| Examining board members: |
Mauricio da Silva Baptista;
Rodrigo Maghdissian Cordeiro;
Alícia Juliana Kowaltowski;
Antonio Claudio Tedesco
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| Advisor: | Mauricio da Silva Baptista; Nadja Cristhina de Souza Pinto |
| Abstract | |
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that uses a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species capable of inducing death of unwanted cells, such as cancer cells and infectious microorganisms. In this work, we are interested in studying death induced by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue as a photosensitizer by PDT (DMMB-PDT). This photosensitizer has been previously studied by our group. It has been shown that DMMB accumulates within lysosomes and mitochondria, and damages these organelles after photoactivation. In this case, cell death is believed to be a result from the impairment of autophagy. DMMB at nanomolar concentration promotes efficient cell death, while other photosensitizers are usually employed in the micromolar range. The aim of this work is to investigate the molecular mechanism of DMMB-PDT action through the study of p53 protein role over the cell response to DMMB-PDT. Being a tumor suppressor protein, p53 participates in several cellular processes in response to different stresses. To achieve our goal, we used HEK293T cell lines that express different amounts of p53: a p53 knockout cell line (HEK293T-p53KD) and a normal cell line (HEK293T-SC, scramble). After treatment with photoactivated DMMB, we evaluated phototoxicity, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle, and autophagy. Our results showed that, although we did not observe p53 stabilization, DMMBPDT seems to induce the cytoplasmic localization of p53, suggesting that cytoplasmic p53 participates in the cell response to DMMB-PDT. The HEK293T-p53KD cell line was less sensitive to DMMB-PDT. This difference could be explained by the level of sub-G1 accumulation suggestive of apoptosis that was only observed for HEK293T-SC cell line, which was more sensitive to the treatment. It is possible that the cytoplasmic activity of p53 was related to apoptosis induction according our model. In contrast to p53 effects on cell death, we found that there are p53-independent responses to DMMB-PDT on cell cycle arrest and autophagy. We observed a significant increase in the fraction of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle associated with phosphorylation of the CHK1 and H2AX proteins, indicating induction of replicative stress. The relationship of DMMB-PDT and autophagy was confirmed by the accumulation of acidic vesicles and the increased LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II). These results indicated that DMMB-PDT induces and/or impairs autophagy. However, we did not observe a simultaneous increase in BECLIN-1 levels, which is an important protein to autophagy initiation. Photoactivated DMMB resulted in selective damage in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that was not repaired in 24 hours. According to these results, we propose that cell death induced by photoactivated DMMB is mainly related to blockade of a late stage of the autophagy pathway. It could compromise the elimination of damaged mitochondria and might lead to cell cycle dynamics alterations. Our results suggested that there are p53-dependent and p53-independent cell responses to DMMB-PDT. Similar results were obtained from HEK293 cell line, which is the parental cell line of HEK293T. To the best of our knowledge, the p53 relocalization to the cytoplasm, the ability to induce selective mtDNA damage, and the S arrest represent new insights in the DMMB-PDT field. The selective mtDNA damage makes DMMB a useful model for studies on mechanisms of DNA damage responses in mitochondria. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 14/18123-4 - Protein p53 modulation of autophagic cell death induced by photodynamic therapy |
| Grantee: | Aline Bianca de Paiva Abrantes |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Master |