Population studies in Gracilaria birdiae and G. caudata (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): phenological, physiological and molecular aspects

Author(s)

Lígia Maria Avres Ostrock

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2014-12-18

Examining board members

Estela Maria Plastino; Valéria Cassano; Mutue Toyota Fujii; Carlos Frederico Deluqui Gurgel; Nair Sumie Yokoya

• Advisor: Estela Maria Plastino; Christophe Destombe

Abstract

Considering the importance of Gracilaria birdiae and G. caudata as the main agarophytes collected in northeastern Brazil, and previous knowledge on the physiological diversity of their populations, phenological characteristics, parameters related to photosynthesis, and genetic diversity were evaluated in populations selected along the Brazilian coast. During this work, were sampled four populations of Gracilaria birdiae (RN, CE, PE, and BA) and seven of G. caudata (RN, CE, PE, PB, BA, ES, and SP). Tetrasporophytes were found in greater numbers in all sampled populations. In G. caudata, a higher proportion of tetrasporophytes was observed for the Northeast populations, compared to the Southeast populations. The absence of infertile plants in most of the sampled populations, or their low frequency (G. birdiae, RN, 4%, and G. caudata, RN and PE, 0.95%, and SP, 8.57%), indicate the high fertility of the species. The presence of epiphytic gametophytes of tetrasporophytes was observed in both species; however, they were prevalent in G. caudata. The photosynthetic parameters were evaluated from data collected in nature, using the in vivo chlorophyll α fluorescence technique. Where both species occurred, G. caudata presented high levels of Ik and lower α ETR, compared to G. birdiae, suggesting that this species may show greater sensitivity to high levels of irradiance. These responses are consistent with the position that they occupy relative to the shore: G caudata, always in a higher position, compared to G. birdiae. Tetrasporophytes and female gametophytes from the CE population of both species showed high levels of ?ETR, suggesting that these are adapted to high irradiance and have mechanisms to prevent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The RN population of G. birdiae presented a decrease in photosynthetic rates at high light intensities (up to 500 ?mol.fótons.m-2.s-1) attributed to its lower position on the shore, compared to the BA and PE populations, which could indicate a greater sensitivity to irradiance in relation to others. No differences were observed in ETRmax values between the RN and CE populations for both species, which can be explained by their geographical proximity. The greenish tetrasporophytes of G. birdiae from CE had higher ETRmax values, when compared to the wild-type (red), suggesting a greater ability of the greenish individuals to use high irradiance for maintaining their metabolism. This feature should be considered an adaptive advantage for G. birdiae, since the occurrence of specimens with different photosynthetic capacity may increase the acclimation spectra of the species. Genetic diversity was accessed through plastid markers (rbcL), mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2-3), nuclear (SSU) and microsatellites. A total of 129 sequences of G. birdiae and G. caudata were amplified for the markers cox1, cox2-3, rbcL and SSU. Cox1 sequences (633 base pairs (bp)) were amplified for 42 samples of G. birdiae, and only three samples of G. caudata, due to difficulties in amplification; a difference of 64 bp (10.25%) was observed between species. RbcL sequence (1571 bp) and SSU (1769 bp) were obtained for: i, a sample of G. birdiae from RN; and ii, two samples of G. caudata, one from RN and another from ES. Differences of 61 bp (3.88%) and 4 bp (0.2%) were observed among species for rbcL and SSU sequences, respectively. Cox2-3 sequences (363 bp) were obtained for 33 samples of G. birdiae and 48 samples of G. caudata; a difference of 35 bp (8.97%) was observed between species. Three haplotypes were found in G. birdiae for cox1 sequences, 0-1 bp (0.15%), while 5 haplotypes for were found for cox2-3 sequence of 0-3 bp (0.82%) in G. caudata. An average of seven microsatellites markers were developed for G. birdiae and 12 for G. caudata, from the different sampled populations. Five microsatellite loci amplified on both species; however, there were differences in the size and number of alleles according to species. For the microsatellite analysis, we evaluated a total of 248 samples of G. birdiae (RN, 71, CE, 58; BA, 52; and PE, 67), and 424 of G. caudata (RN, 52, CE, 75; PB, 83; PE, 53; BA, 56; ES, 54, and SP, 51). In G. birdiae, repeated multilocus genotypes were found in three of the four populations evaluated (BA, CE, and PE). In G. caudata, this repetition was found only for the BA and SP populations, the others presented only unique multilocus genotypes (CE, RN, PB, PE, and ES). Estimates of genetic differentiation (Fst) in combination with the Mantel Test indicated that there is a correlation between the genetic and geographic distances, for both G. birdiae and G. caudata; however, this correlation was shown to be linear only for G. caudata. The Bayesian analysis (Structure program) and demonstrated the existence of a similar structure to the populations of G. birdiae and G. caudata. The two groups found for both species have as limit the populations of BA and PE, indicating the existence of a possible non-specific genetic barrier. In summary, molecular analyses corroborate photosynthesis data and indicate a higher genetic variability in G. caudata, compared to G. birdiae. These analyzes confirm yet the hypothesis of a genetic variation related to environmental adaptations that result in molecular, physiological and phenological changes (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/10189-8 - Population studies in Gracilaria birdiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): molecular and physiological aspects
• Grantee: Lígia Maria Ayres Ostrock
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate