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| Author(s): |
Aline Soriano Lopes
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Campinas, SP. |
| Institution: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Química |
| Defense date: | 2009-08-14 |
| Examining board members: |
Marco Aurelio Zezzi Arruda;
Reinaldo Calixto de Campos;
Sergio Luis Costa Ferreira;
Anne Hélène Fostier;
Jarbas José Rodrigues Rohwedder
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| Advisor: | Fabio Augusto; Marco Aurelio Zezzi Arruda |
| Abstract | |
The goal of this Thesis was coupling the solid phase microextraction (SPME) to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GF AAS) for extracting the organometallic species volatilized in the drying and pyrolysis steps of the GF AAS. For evaluating the SPME-GF AAS coupling, Sn was then chosen. Firstly, the total Sn concentration using the slurry sampling strategy was determined, once in the evaluation of the organotin compounds by SPME-GF AAS, the total Sn concentration would be obtained from a slurry solution. Some parameters were evaluated, such as the nature of the solution to prepare the slurry, and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures effects. The mixture of 10 % (v/v) HF plus 1 % (v/v) HNO3 was chosen to prepare the sediment slurries, the Mg(NO3)2 plus NH4H2PO4 was appropriated as conventional chemical modifier, and the values of 1000 and 2000 °C was used as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, respectively. The analyte addition was used in the Sn determination in sediment (marine and river) samples by slurry sampling due to matrix effects. The detection and quantification limits were calculated as 1.5-2.6 and 4.5-7.6 µg g, respectively. For evaluating the SPME-GF AAS coupling in the extraction of organotin species (butyltrichloride, dibutyldichloride, and tributylchloride), a sediment slurry was firstly used. For this task, the slurry was sonicated and an aliquot of this solution plus the derivatization reagent (sodium tetraethylborate ¿ NaBEt4) were introducted consecutively into the graphite furnace of the GF AAS. Then, the graphite furnace program was applied, and the SPME fiber was exposed into the furnace. After the extraction of organotin species by SPME-GF AAS, the analytes were separated and detected by gas chromatography (GC). Before this procedure, instrumental parameters of the GC were studied. For this task, it was used the conventional extraction by HSSPME (headspace-solid phase microextraction). Related to studies of SPME-GF AAS coupling, employing slurry sampling, some parameters, such as fiber coating, derivatization reagent concentration, pH of the reaction, among others, were evaluated. Satisfactory results were obtained using the PDMS/DVB fiber in the presence of 0.2 % (m/v) NaBEt4 and pH 5.0. However, low extraction efficiency (< 20 %) was obtained, using the SPME-GF AAS coupling for organotin species extraction from sediment slurries, when comparing to HS-SPME extractions. Then, the extraction of organotin species from sediment samples, using the ultrasonic energy was carried out, before the sample introduction into the SPME-GF AAS coupling. In this step, the graphite furnace temperature and the fiber exposure time in the atomizer were optimized. The better results were noted when 90 °C as the graphite furnace temperature was used, and 986 s was attributed as the fiber exposure time into the atomizer. Additionally, the determination of total Sn concentration, and the extraction of organotin species in the SPME fiber, using the SPME-GF AAS coupling, was simultaneously carried out. (AU) | |