Epidemiologic study of pathogens circulating in populations of jaguar and domestic animals in preserved areas of three Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon.

Author(s)

Mariana Malzoni Furtado Gaspari

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/SBD)
• Defense date: 2010-12-10

Examining board members

José Soares Ferreira Neto; José Luiz Catão Dias; Fernando Ferreira; Cláudia Filoni; Rodrigo Silva Pinto Jorge

• Advisor: José Soares Ferreira Neto

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation and the increasing proximity between humans, domestic and wild animals can be responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases, dissemination of pathogens and alterations in host-pathogen relationships. Declines in wild felids due to disease have recently been reported; however, little is known about their potential role in wild jaguar populations. This study aimed to investigate the presence of pathogens in jaguar populations and domestic animals in the regions of Emas National Park (ENP), Cantão State Park (CSP) and the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, and to identify possible associations in the obtained diagnoses. Between February 2000 and January 2010, biological samples were collected from 31 jaguars, 1246 cattle, 179 dogs and 36 cats. Serological surveys for smooth Brucella (RBT), Leptospira spp. (MAT), Toxoplasma gondii (MAT; IFAT), rabies virus (RFFIT), distemper virus (SN), FIV and FeLV (SnapTM), and molecular tests for Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Cytauxzoon spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis' were performed. Jaguar scats were analyzed for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., protozoas of the Sarcocystidae Familiy and Mycobacterium spp. Monitoring of jaguars through radio-transmitter provided pathogen occurrence maps. Cattle populations from all sites were highly exposed to B. abortus, but only one jaguar from ENP was exposed to smooth Brucella. The most detectable serotypes of Leptospira spp. identified in jaguars from ENP and the Pantanal were distinct from those found in the domestic animals. Jaguars, dogs and cats in the three areas were highly exposed to T. gondii. Jaguars from ENP and the Pantantal were exposed to rabies, and jaguars from the Pantanal and dogs from the three areas were exposed to distemper virus. Two cats from the surroundings of CSP were seropositive for FeLV, but no jaguars were exposed to this agent or to FIV. Dogs from the surroundings of ENP and CSP were positive for Babesia spp., while all jaguars were negative for the hemoparasite. All jaguars from the Pantanal and ENP and three of four jaguars from the CSP were positive for Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon felis. Dogs and cats were also exposed to Hepatozoon spp., but not to Cytauxzoon spp. The jaguars from the three areas were highly exposed to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', and some individuals from the Pantanal and CSP were positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Few domestic cats were positive for feline hemoplasms. There were no evidences of exposure to Mycobacterium bovis, but Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis were detected in jaguars from ENP. According to the results, distemper and rabies should be considered potential threats to jaguar populations; brucellosis and leptospirosis could have been transmitted by domestic animals; and jaguars probably play an important role in the maintenance of T. gondii, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon spp. and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in nature. These data should be taken into account when elaborating conservation strategies for jaguars in the wild. (AU)