Experimental infection of the tick Amblyomma cajennense with the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever: evaluation of the transovarial and transstadial transmissions, effect of the infection on the biological parameters of the tick, and the capacity of larvae, nymphs, and adults to transmit the bacterium to vertebrates

Author(s)

João Fabio Soares

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/SBD)
• Defense date: 2011-02-03

Examining board members

Marcelo Bahia Labruna; Darci Moraes Barros Battesti; Matias Pablo Juan Szabo

• Advisor: Marcelo Bahia Labruna

Abstract

Amblyomma cajennense is the main tick species incriminated in the transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever, in Brazil and in other South American countries. The present work aimed to evaluate and quantify the transovarial and transstadial of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, verifying the effect of the infection on biological parameters of the tick, and finally, to evaluate the capacity of larvae, nymphs, and adults to transmit the bacterium to vertebrates. For these purposes, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), experimentally infected with R. rickettsii, were artificially infested with uninfected larvae and nymphs, while adult ticks were allowed to infest experimentally-infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The biology of these R. rickettsii-exposed ticks was accomplished until the next generation of nymphs, always having samples of each developmental stage (F1 larva, nymph, and adult, and F2 egg, larva, and nymph) tested by real-time PCR to determine the frequency of infected ticks. In parallel, uninfected control ticks were exposed simultaneous to the same protocols. Infested guinea pigs and rabbits were evaluated clinically and for serology, to verify the occurrence of transmission of R. rickettsii to these animals. In all infestations with ticks previously exposed to R. rickettsii, within the same generation, there were infested animals that presented high fever (rectal temperature >40oC), scrotal lesion, and high lethality, indicating transstadial transmission of R. rickettsii in the ticks, confirmed by PCR on ticks and serology of the animals. Regarding transovarial transmission, it occurred at low levels in females that had been exposed to R. rickettsii during the larval stage (GL) and during the nymphal stage (GN), since only 3 out of 12 guinea pigs (six from GL, and six from GN) infested with F2 larvae presented clinical alterations, with a single lethality. However, eight animals became seropositive by IFA (immunofluorescence assay), from which six had low titers anti-R. rickettsii, between 128 and 512, possibly due to weaker immunological challenges. Guinea pigs exposed to larvae derived from GA females (exposed to R. rickettsii during the adult stage) did not ´present any clinical alteration nor became serologically positive, indication that transovarial transmission is rare in this group. Despite of a single progeny that became PCR-positive, out of others that were all negative, no guinea pig infested with F2 larvae or nymphs from GA females showed evidence that they were in contact with R. rickettsii, similarly to the control group. In relation to a possible effect of R. rickettsii in the tick survival and developmental, there were a higher mortality of infected larvae from the GL group in both first and second laboratory generations, and lower reproductive performance of engorged females from the infected groups. The results show that R. rickettsii has deleterious effects to A. cajennense. There are both trasstadial and transovarial transmissions of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, however transovarial transmission is at low rates, highlighting the importance that amplifier hosts and other tick species should have in the epidemiology Brazilian spotted fever. (AU)