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| Author(s): |
Mônica Cagnin Martins
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2003-08-19 |
| Examining board members: |
Gil Miguel de Sousa Camara;
Lilian Amorim;
Ceci Castilho Custodio;
Cláudia Vieira Godoy;
Natal Antonio Vello
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| Advisor: | Gil Miguel de Sousa Camara |
| Abstract | |
The occurrence of late season leaf diseases caused by the fungus Septoria glycines and Cercospora kikuchii is easily identified in field. However, there is a need of precise information to quantify the damage and yield losses as well as to define the best occasions for fungicide applications. The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate estimates of their severity, inducing inexact conclusions. With the purposes: to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to assess late season leaf soybean diseases; to evaluate the effect of theses diseases on yield; to identify the best soybean growth stages for chemical control; to verify the relation between severity of theses diseases and yield and to evaluate the effect of theses diseases on healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, were installed field experiments at Fazenda Areão (ESALQ/USP), in Piracicaba - SP. The soybean cultivar MG/BR - 46 (Conquista), susceptible to both diseases was sown in a complete randomized blocks design in factorial 2 x 3 (two fungicides: benomyl and tebuconazole and three application stages: R4, R5.3 e R6) and three extra treatments (control without application, fortnightly application of benomyl and fortnightly application of tebuconazole), at three replications. The severity, the pod number per plant, the seed number per pod, the mass of 1,000 seed and yield were determined. To quantify the severity of these diseases it was elaborated a diagrammatic scale, from leaves collected in the field presenting different levels of severity. The area of each leaf and its correspondent severity were determined, and following the "Stimulus Law by Weber-Fechner" a scale was elaborated with the severity levels: 2.4, 15.2, 25.9, 40.5 and 66.6%. The validation was carried out by nine appraisers, without previous practice in assessing late season leaf diseases, who estimate the severity on 30 leaflets of soybean with disease symptoms. The evaluation precision varied according to the appraiser (0.84<R 2 <0.65), as well as the accuracy (0.00<a<3.40; 0.90<b<1.29), do not occurring systematic mistakes in the super or underestimation of the disease among the appraisers. Based on the obtained results in three consecutive crop seasons (1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 2001/2002), it was possible to conclude that: a) the developed diagrammatic scale is appropriate to quantify the late season leaf diseases severity of soybean; b) the late season leaf diseases, when in severity below 10%, do not affect the number of pod and seeds per plant but cause reduction of yield; c) the fungicides benomyl and tebuconazole may be used to control these diseases; d) it was not possible to determine the most appropriate growth stage for fungicide application, which result in yield gain; e) under severity below 10% there are not relation between this variable and the mass of 1,000 seed and yield; f) the healthy leaf area absorption is the variable which most express the relation between the severity of this diseases and the soybean yield. (AU) | |