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| Author(s): |
Gustavo José Braga
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2005-01-25 |
| Examining board members: |
Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira;
Marcos Silveira Bernardes;
Valdo Rodrigues Herling;
Patricia Menezes Santos;
Sila Carneiro da Silva
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| Advisor: | Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira |
| Abstract | |
Herbage allowance (HA) has strong influence on intake and animal performance in grazing systems, as it impacts canopy structure and net herbage accumulation. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of HA on leaf photosynthesis, net herbage accumulation, sward structure and grazing efficiency in Marandu palisadegrass pastures [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. RICH.) STAPF.] under rotational stocking. The experiment was carried out at Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga SP, from December 2002 to April 2004. The experimental design was a randomised complete block with four replications. Treatments were four levels of herbage allowance, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg dry matter per 100 kg live weight per day (%) in a grazing cycle of 35 days (28 d of rest and 7 d of grazing). Responses studied during regrowth were leaf area index (LAI), light interception, mean canopy height, herbage mass and leaf photosynthesis. Grazing efficiency was calculated as a proportion of net herbage accumulation as well as of the herbage disappearance rate (minus losses) during the grazing period. The dispersion of sward height values, measured pre- and post-graze, allowed for the evaluation of the spatial variability of the vegetation. Based on the light distribution within the canopy profile and leaf photosynthesis, a mathematical model was developed to estimate canopy photosynthesis and net herbage accumulation. Post-graze canopy height averaged 17 cm for 5% HA, whereas for the other HA levels height increased across grazing cycles. The relationship between canopy height and light interception changed from 2003 to 2004. For the same height, interception increased in the 5 and 10% HA canopies. Leaf photosynthesis decreased linearly with increased HA, due to mutual shading within the canopy. Photosynthetic rates ranged from 28 and 23 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in 2003 and from 27 to 24 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in 2004, for the 5 and the 20% HAs, respectively. From season-end in 2003, through the winter dry season, net herbage accumulation under high HA decreased, and this persisted through the 2004 grazing season. The model of canopy photosynthesis suggests that maximum herbage accumulation was reached at a 3.5 LAI, lower than what would be reached (~ 4) if the maximum leaf photosynthesis did not decrease with increasing LAI. Grazing efficiency decreased with increased HA, and highest efficiencies were 64% in 2003 and 55% in 2004, in pastures under the 5% HA treatment. Despite the higher forage dry matter production, intake in the 10, 15, and 20% HA pastures was lower than that under 5% HA. Grazing increased the spatial variability of the vegetation, except for the 10% HA. The use of generous HA levels (15 and 20%), although favourable to high animal performance, was detrimental to the photosynthetic capacity and net herbage accumulation in pastures of Marandu palisadegrass. In addition, grazing efficiency was severely reduced and spatial variability was considerably higher under high HA. (AU) | |