Herbal extracts as growth promoters of weanling pigs

Author(s)

Liliana Lotufo Oetting

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Piracicaba.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC)
• Defense date: 2005-09-06

Examining board members

Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada; Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes; Gustavo Julio Mello Monteiro de Lima; José Fernando Machado Menten; Maria Cristina Thomaz

• Advisor: Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada

Abstract

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters of swine has been gradually restricted in many countries. The new regulations have forced the search for alternatives to the antibiotic use as growth promoters for swine. The herbal extracts are one of these alternatives. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial agents and herbal extracts as growth promoters, based on intestinal morphology, histology, microbiology, digestibility, fecal score, and on performance of weanling pigs. Three randomized complete block design experiments were carried out to compare five treatments: control - basal diet; antimicrobial - basal diet plus Zn bacitracin, olaquindox, and colistin (50 ppm of each); herbal extract A, B and C - basal diet plus 700 ppm, 1200 ppm and 2100 ppm of herbal extract, respectively. The herbal extract consisted of a mixture of equal amounts of essential oils of thyme, clove, oregano, eugenol and carvacrol. In each Experiment, forty 21-d-weaned pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with two pigs (a castrated male and a female) per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. Digestibility assay (Experiment I) was conducted using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as fecal marker. On 35th day of experimental period, an animal of each experimental unit was slaughtered for morphological analysis and samples of the intestine epithelium were collected for histological and microbiological analysis. Performance data and fecal score of pigs were collected from Experiments I, II and III. The herbal extracts increased (P<.05) the dry matter apparent digestibility of the diet compared to control and antimicrobial treatments. The antimicrobial agents improved (P<.05) body weight, feed intake and average daily gain of weanling pigs during 1 to 14 and 1 to 35 days of experimental period compared to control and herbal extract. Among all levels of herbal extract, higher levels showed better performance results. The antimicrobial treatment improved the relative weights of the intestinal tract and empty small intestine (P<.05) and improved ileum villus height and the ratio of ileum villus height:crypt depth of animals. There was no statistical difference (P>.05) in microbiological analysis. During 1 to 35 days of experimental period, incidence of diarrhoea of pigs fed antimicrobials was statisticaly lower (P<.05) than those fed control or herbal extract diet, suggesting the efficacy of antimicrobials in diarrhoea control. Pigs fed herbal extract showed intermediary results between antimicrobial and control diets for this variable. (AU)