Full text
| |
| Author(s): |
Marco Antonio Nogueira
Total Authors: 1
|
| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2002-01-23 |
| Examining board members: |
Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso;
Claudia de Mattos Bellato;
Carlos Alberto Labate;
Maria Luiza Colognesi de Oliveira Lombardi;
Adriana Parada Dias da Silveira
|
| Advisor: | Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso |
| Abstract | |
The attenuation of Mn toxicity is relatively frequent in mycorrhizal plants. In this work, three hypotheses were tested to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza on the manifestation of Mn toxicity: 1) Mycorrhiza alters the Mn oxidizing and reducing microbial community in the soil, modifying its availability; 2) Mycorrhiza propitiates larger absorption of Si by the plant, which lessens the Mn toxicity; 3) The growth increase of mycorrhizal plants results in lower Mn toxicity due to the dilution effect. Five experiments were carried out, in which the soybean cultivar IAC-8 was used as test plant. As substratum we used soils classified as Typic Rhodudalf or Typic Quartzipsamment, autoclaved to eliminate the native microbial community. In a preliminary experiment the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) G. etunicatum was selected as effective in plant growth promotion in the two soils, with greater effects between 9 and 12 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, the species G. macrocarpum increased the Mn toxicity symptoms in the clay soil. Therefore this AMF was used in the subsequent experiments to investigate the causes of this behavior. In the second experiment G. etunicatum lessened the Mn toxicity in plants cultivated in substratum that received increasing doses of Mn, that also showed a decrease of callose (b-1,3-glucan) deposition in the youngest leaves. There was also an increase of Si concentrations in the roots of the mycorrhizal plants. In the third experiment, mycorrhiza, in combination or not with the reestablishment of the native microbial community, increased plant growth and reduced Mn toxicity more intensively in the treatments in which the microbial community was reestablished. That coincided with smaller concentrations of Mn in the roots and shoots of the plants and lower availability in the substratum; a similar behavior was observed for Fe in the shoots. Manganese reducing and oxidizing bacteria were isolated and identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA. Among the Mn reducers, most belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one to the genus Variovorax. The oxidizers were grouped in three clusters of the genera Arthrobacter, Variovorax and Ralstonia. In the fourth experiment, mycorrhizal soybean plants were compared with non-mycorrhizal ones that received an extra dose of P, with the purpose of obtaining mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal plants with a similar biomass, eliminating the dilution effect. Mycorrhizal plants presented greater Mn toxicity attenuation in relation to those that received extra P, even with similar biomasses. In that case, the mycorrhizal plants presented smaller Mn concentrations in the shoots and roots. In the last experiment, mycorrhizal plants once more presented attenuation of Mn toxicity and decrease of Mn concentration in the shoots when cultivated in the clay substratum with high Mn availability. Mycorrhizal root colonization correlated negatively root and shoot Mn concentrations. The number of colony forming units (CFU) of Mn oxidizing bacteria correlated negatively with the availability of Fe and Mn in the substratum, while the number of CFU of Mn reducing bacteria correlated positively. Those observations indicate that the availability of Fe and Mn in that substratum is under influence of biological activity. (AU) | |