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| Author(s): |
Maria Fernanda Gomes Villalba Peñaflor
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2010-09-20 |
| Examining board members: |
José Maurício Simões Bento;
Clara Beatriz Hoffmann Campo;
Ivan Cruz;
José Roberto Postali Parra;
Alexandre de Sene Pinto
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| Advisor: | José Maurício Simões Bento |
| Abstract | |
Attack of insect herbivores induces emission of plant volatiles that play an important role as chemical signals to natural enemies in host search. Tritrophic interactions mediated by plant volatiles have been well studied in systems that involve larval parasitoids. By contrast, little is known about the role of these odors in host searching by egg parasitoids. Thus, the current study aimed to: (i) assess parasitism, preference and arrestment of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs with different ages to the parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae); (ii) verify if S. frugiperda oviposition induces attractive maize volatiles to the parasitoid T. remus; (iii) assess the role of herbivore-induced maize volatiles elicited by S. frugiperda to the specialist parasitoid T. remus and the generalist Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae); and (iv) verify if S. frugiperda oviposition alters direct and indirect herbivore-induced defenses on maize. Results showed that T. remus preferred to parasitize 1- and 2-day-old eggs in relation to 3-day-old. However, parasitoid emergence was reduced in 2- and 3-day-old eggs. All hexanic egg extracts promoted arrestment response for T. remus when compared to the solvent, although residence time was longer in 1- and 2-day old egg extracts in comparison with 3-day old. In view of these results, it was assessed if maize plant emits attractive oviposition-induced volatiles elicited by S. frugiperda to the egg parasitoid T. remus. Behavioral bioassays and volatile collection did not show that maize emits oviposition-induced volatiles elicited by S. frugiperda that are attractive to T. remus. Surprisingly, oviposition suppressed the emission of linalool. Hebivore-induced maize volatiles comprise important chemical cues for egg parasitoids. Specialist parasitoid T. remus was not innately attracted by herbivore-induced volatiles, though experienced wasps responded to blends comprised predominantly by green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which are emitted immediately after damage, or to more complex blends comprised by terpenes, emitted some hours after damage. While T. pretiosum showed an innate behavior towards VFVs, but wasps were also able to learn terpene blend. Oviposition of S. frugiperda did not alter direct defenses on maize, which were assessed by larval weight fed on the plant, however, it decreased emissions of herbivore-induced terpenes. These results suggest that herbivore oviposition can have relevant considerations in tritrophic interactions and herbivore-induced volatiles play an important role in egg parasitoid behavior. (AU) | |