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| Author(s): |
César de Castro Martins
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto Oceanográfico (IO/DIDC) |
| Defense date: | 2005-03-11 |
| Examining board members: |
Rosalinda Carmela Montone;
Vladimir Oliveira Elias;
Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques;
Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi;
Rolf Roland Weber
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| Advisor: | Rosalinda Carmela Montone; Marcia Caruso Bicego |
| Abstract | |
Estuarine areas are environments between land and ocean, where human activities are intensively developed. The Santos and São Vicente Estuary, located on the central portion of the coast of São Paulo state, has one of the most important industrial areas of Brazil. The increasing of urbanization and industrialization near the margins of Estuary, in the 50s, has been responsible for the degradation of the mangrove, for the discharge of sewage, and consequently, it affects the input of organic matter and sedimentary deposition. The main objective of this work was to determine the concentration of hydrocarbons biomarkers in sediment cores in order to investigate the input of these substances in the last 100 years, and to find a relation with the urban and industrial occupation in this area. The organic matter origins (C, N and S) are also studied. A possible statistical correlation between two different pollution indicators (hydrocarbons and magnetic susceptibility) was investigated. Four sediments cores are collected in mangrove areas and near polluted places, as Alemoa garbage disposal, Alemoa petroliferous terminal and Cubatão industrial complex. Hydrocarbons concentrations were determined by gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for aliphatic compounds and by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The grain-size analyses showed that in the recent sediments, mud was predominant. It was associated with the mangrove progradation and anthropogenic activities such as settlement, garbage disposal and sweep activities. High nitrogen concentrations were found in the sediments near the top of the cores and it was associated with inputs from untreated sewage and industries. Although a large anthropogenic input of n-alkanes was detected in the recent sediments, the biogenic contribution by rivers and direct input from mangrove vegetation is an important in the total n-alkanes. The distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the cores, meanly concerning Unresolved Complex Mixture", was associated with the formation and development of Cubatão industrial complex and the Santos harbour, waste disposal in Alemoa hill and with the preservation program, that results in the improvement of waste treatment and decrease of organic pollutants input in this area. The PAHs analyses indicated multiplies sources of these compounds (petrogenic and pyrolitic). The predominance of higher molecular weight compounds (4 6 aromatic rings) showed anthropogenic contribution from biomass, coal, oil and fossil fuels combustion. Statistical correlation of magnetic susceptibility with hydrocarbons indicated that the input of magnetic metals could be associated with several sources of hydrocarbons, related with the urban and industrial development of Santos and São Vicente Estuary. (AU) | |