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| Author(s): |
Thaíla Corrêa Castral
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Master's Dissertation |
| Press: | Ribeirão Preto. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2007-01-26 |
| Examining board members: |
Carmen Gracinda Silvan Scochi;
Ruth Guinsburg;
Adriana Moraes Leite
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| Advisor: | Carmen Gracinda Silvan Scochi |
| Abstract | |
Advances in medicine and technological development have contributed to increase in preterm infants? survival. However, due to resource sophistication, more invasive procedures are needed, including pain as a price to pay for these patients? survival. This research aimed to test the efficacy of skin-to-skin contact to decrease preterm infants? behavioral and physiological pain response during heel lancing to collect the PKU test. This analytic randomized trial was carried out at the intermediary neonatal care unit of a university hospital in Ribeirão Preto - SP. The sample consisted of 59 preterm infants who were submitted to PKU test collection, randomly divided in two groups: experimental (n=31), submitted to skin-to-skin contact with the mother for 15 minutes before and during the entire procedure, and control (n=28), whose babies were held in the cot or incubator during the entire procedure. The project was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee, and the mothers or responsibles for the infants signed the Free and Informed Consent Term. The behavioral variables (facial mimics, sleep-wake state and cry response) were continuously recorded by a camera during data collection. The physiological variable (heart frequency) was measured by a heart monitor. Data collection was divided in seven periods: baseline, treatment, antisepsis, heel lancing, heel squeezing, compression and recovery. As the normality of the quantitative variables was not proved, the two groups were compared, using Mann-Whitney?s nonparametric test for two independent samples. For the qualitative variables, Chi-Square or Fisher?s Exact Test was applied. Variance analysis with repeated means was used to compare NFCS scores, sleep-wake state and mean heart frequencies within and between subjects. Covariance analysis and direct stratification were used to compare NFCS scores between the groups. Mean NFCS scores were lower in the experimental group across all periods, with statistically significant differences during heel lancing and squeezing in comparison with the control group, even when controlling for corrected age, postnatal age, previous pain experience and gender. Crying was the most incident sleep-wake state during lancing and squeezing in both group. During squeezing, babies in the control group continued crying longer than in the experimental group (85.7 vs. 58.1%). During recovery, 71.0% of the experimental group was in deep sleep, against 21.4% of controls. Mean crying time differed between the groups, with statistical significance, and was longer in the control group. Heart frequencies increased in response to the procedure, but intergroup differences were not statistically significant. However, during recovery, babies in the experimental groups returned close to mean baseline levels, while heart rates in the control group continued above 160 bpm from antisepsis until recovery. Results prove the efficacy of skin-to-skin contact proved to be effective for pain relief in preterm infants, constituting a simple and natural measure, without additional costs and easily applicable in different acute pain situations. (AU) | |