Full text
| |
| Author(s): |
Jamyle Calencio Grigoletto
Total Authors: 1
|
| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Ribeirão Preto. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2010-07-02 |
| Examining board members: |
Angela Maria Magosso Takayanagui;
Leny Borghesan Albertini Alberguini;
Fernando Barbosa Junior;
Susana Segura Muñoz;
Sergio Marcos Sanches
|
| Advisor: | Angela Maria Magosso Takayanagui |
| Abstract | |
Radiographic effluents (developer, fixer and washing water film) are characterized as dangerous chemical waste according to RDC Anvisa No 306/04 and Conama Resolution No 358/05. These effluents represent an environmental and public health problem, as they contain organic and inorganic compounds like hydroquinone and silver, which can be toxic for the environment and health. The general aim of this research was to survey the radiographic processing effluent management situation in medical imaging services in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The specific goals were to diagnose radiographic processing effluent management in terms of handling, conditioning, storage, treatment and discard, to identify and quantify the presence of hydroquinone and silver, producing knowledge for environmental health; and to support new guidelines for radiographic waste management. The research was carried out at 12 medical imaging services in Ribeirão Preto-SP, selected through a draft. Chemical analyses were performed on radiographic effluents to identify and quantify hydroquinone and silver, using high performance liquid cromatography for hydroquinone, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for silver. Interviews were held with 12 subjects from the establishments included in this research. According to the interviewees, the discarding of these effluents directly into the public sewage network occurred in 16.66% of the services for developers, in 8.34% for fixers and in 75% for the film washing water. The hydroquinone analysis method was validated and considered efficient. Hence, it can be used in future analyses to monitor hydroquinone in radiographic effluents. The hydroquinone concentration found in the film washing water samples ranged from 1.75 to 2.7 mg L-1, and from 1.25 to 6.93 mg L-1 in the developer samples. The silver concentration in the film washing water samples under analysis ranged from 0.1 to 1785.97 mg L-1, and from 435.59 to 16325.92 mg L-1 in the fixer samples. All film washing water samples showed silver concentrations equal to or higher than the limits set by State Decree (SP) No 8.468/76 and Conama Resolution No 357/2005. All levels found in the fixer samples exceeded the maximum silver limits permitted for launching effluents, according to the same laws, besides NBR 9800/1987. These results reveal the inappropriateness of the way the services under study treated their effluents, mainly in terms of treatment and discard. Moreover, as these effluents represent part of the dangerous waste produced in the urban environment and can cause an impact on health and the environment, the collected data can serve as an important indicator for the need to change the monitoring and control system of this type of residue, seeking integrated and sustainable solutions with different sectors involved, and also constitute a relevant indicator for public environmental and health policies in Brazil and São Paulo, with a view to an integrated and sustainable waste management system. (AU) | |