Study COL18A1 transcription regulation and function analysis of Frizzled domain

Author(s)

Erika Kague

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2009-06-19

Examining board members

Maria Rita dos Santos e Passos Bueno; Luiz Paulo Moura Andrioli; Andrea Laurato Sertie Santos; Luis Eduardo Soares Netto; José Xavier Neto

• Advisor: Maria Rita dos Santos e Passos Bueno

Abstract

The completion of multiple vertebrate genome sequences has presented an important challenge to understand and predict function from primary DNA sequence, particularly for noncoding sequence. It is commonly hypothesized that evolutionary conservation predicts functional DNA sequences, including those involved in regulating gene transcription, although sequence conservation has proven to be an imperfect predictor of enhancer function. Type XVIII collagen is a component of most basement membranes; mutations in the COL18A1 gene lead to Knobloch Syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by vitreoretinal and macular degeneration and occipital encephalocele. COL18A1 has 43 exons that transcribe three isoforms from two different promoters. The three isoforms display complex patterns of tissue-specific expression, including in kidney, lung, brain, and retina. Expression levels of COL18A1 are thought to be clinically important in vasculogenesis, and in predisposition to hepatocarcinoma and diabetes type 2. Therefore, identification of the regulatory regions will provide insight into normal and pathogenic regulation of COL18A1 expression. Furthermore, endostatin and FRZC18 are cleaved fragments from collagen XVIII that are involved in Wnt signaling, however in vivo role of FRZC18 has not been investigated yet in any model organism. Thus, a deeper investigation of FRZC18 role in Wnt signaling is indubitable necessary, as well as a comprehension of COL18A1 regulation by Wnt signaling. We have employed an efficient system of transgenesis in the zebrafish to functionally evaluate potential enhancer elements regulating COL18A1 transcription. We identified four enhancer elements that control transcription consistent with zebrafish endogenous COL18A1, in tissues including retina, kidney, blood vessels, gut, cartilage and liver. Although the algorithms we used did not detect noncoding conservation from human to teleosts at the COL18A1 locus, the human sequences functioned appropriately in zebrafish transgenics. Additional post hoc computational analysis revealed detectable sequence similarities between human and zebrafish in or near two of the four enhancer regions. We tested one of these zebrafish regions and confirmed orthologous enhancer activity. We functionally tested FRZC18 with its mRNA overexpression in zebrafish embryos. This experiment resulted in embryos with phenotype remaining slb and ppt, mutants of non-canonical wnt components. This result points FRZC18 as an antagonist of non-canonincal Wnt signaling possibly by interaction with Wnt11 and Wnt5. We dissected COL18A1 promoter 1 and it showed characteristics of a housekeeping gene and similarities with promoter 2 and we also showed possible TCF/LEF binding to COL18A1 promoters. Wnt signaling responded to downregulate promoter activity of COL18A1 and also decrease its expression by overexpression of s-catenin. This work broadly elucidated COL18A1 cis regulatory elements and better characterized its role in Wnt signaling as an antagonist of noncanonical and also as a target of canonial signaling. (AU)