Identification of genes and pathways associated to autism spectrum disorders

Author(s)

Karina Griesi Oliveira

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2011-06-28

Examining board members

Maria Rita dos Santos e Passos Bueno; Eloisa de Sá Moreira; Oswaldo Keith Okamoto; Andrea Laurato Sertie Santos

• Advisor: Maria Rita dos Santos e Passos Bueno

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by impairments in social and communicative skills and repetitive behaviors. The investigation of ASD causes is hampered by the genetic heterogeneity of these neurodevelopmental diseases. In the present study, we mapped the breakpoints associated to chromosomal translocations found in two autistic patients as a first screening approach, trying to identify single candidate genes that could be further investigated by functional analysis. In the first case, a de novo balanced translocation involving the chromosomes 2q11 and Xq24, we did not find any functionally known relevant gene disrupted by the breakpoints but, surprisingly, SNP-array data showed that the patient also presents a maternally inherited isodisomy on chromosome 5. In this case, is possible that ASD is caused by the combination of the molecular results caused by the translocation and the UPD on chromosome 5, which would characterize this case as an example of polygenic effects on ASD etiology. On the other hand, the study of a second case, a boy with a de novo balanced translocation (3;11)(p21;q22), revealed that TRPC6, a calcium channel involved in dendritic spine and excitatory synapse formation, was disrupted by the translocation on chromosome 11. Making use of cellular reprogramming to generate neurons and neuronal progenitor cells from this patient and expression analysis, we demonstrated that TRPC6 disruption can respond for the phenotype seen in this patient. Finally, we also performed a genome-wide expression analysis to investigate idiopathic autistic patients and we verified that ASD DEGs are mainly implicated in cytoskeleton dynamics, suggesting that the regulation of this cellular structure can be one of the common mechanisms of ASD etiology. Our work shows that cytogenetic studies are important for the identification of ASD candidate genes and reinforces the hypothesis that these disorders are caused by different genetic variants that are implicated in a common biological process. We believe that cellular reprogramming will contribute for the understanding of the implication of such biological processes in the etiology of ASD. (AU)