Thermoperiodic induction of nitrate reductase associated with the plasma membrane in pineapple (Ananas comosus)

Author(s)

Alessandra de Souza Santos

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2010-10-14

Examining board members

Helenice Mercier; Gilberto Barbante Kerbauy; Catarina Carvalho Nievola

• Advisor: Helenice Mercier

Abstract

The nitrate reductase (NR) acts together with the nitrite reductase (NiR) to catalyze the first step of the nitrate reduction. The NR localized in the cytosol is activated mainly by light and reduces nitrate to nitrite, followed by its reduction to ammonium. Previous work demonstrated that the cytosolic isoform of NR is present in leaves and roots of Ananas comosus, although the isoform associated with the plasma membrane (PM-NR) has not yet been registered in this species. The PM-NR has different modes of activation in comparison to the cytosolic NR, as already demonstrated in other species. Among the factors that affect its activity can be mentioned the temperature. Experiments developed in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of IBUSP hypothesized that exists a specific plasma membrane NR in plant roots regulated by thermoperiod, differing from the cytosolic isoform present in leaves. The present work aimed to demonstrate the existence of this isoform of NR present in the plasma membrane, which would be responsible for the increase of its activity in Ananas comosus roots when plants were cultivated in vitro under thermoperiod of 28°C day/ 15°C night. Initially, it was important to determine the minimum time of exposure to thermoperiod necessary for the induction of nitrate reductase in roots of pineapple plants. Furthermore, it was analyzed the influence of age in the response of plants to low night temperature treatment. For this purpose, plants with different ages cultivated in vitro were transferred to growth chambers either with constant temperature (28°C day/night experimental control) or with thermoperiod (28°C day/ 15°C night). The plants were cultivated in these conditions during 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 40, 50 or 60 days and then the in vivo NR activity was analyzed in the shoot and root tissues during the dark period. In order to identify a probable PM-NR in the pineapple root cells, it was also necessary to develop a NR in vitro assay protocol specific for Ananas comosus and the appropriate technique for plasma membrane isolation (Dextran T-500 and PEG 3350). The purity of the fractions, determined by the activity of cytoplasmic enzyme malate dehydrogenase (MDH), was on average 95%, indicating the effectiveness of the method. The next step was to evaluate the NR activity in citoplasmic and plasma membrane fractions of root tissues of Ananas comosus. Using 60 daysold plants exposed either to 30 days under the thermoperiodic treatment or to constant temperature, the plasma membrane fractions of roots were isolated and the in vitro NR assay was performed using NADH, NADPH or succinate as electron donators. The results indicated that the minimum thermoperiod exposure time necessary to induce NR activity was 30 days. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that low temperatures during the dark period positively influenced the activity of nitrate reductase in plasma membrane fractions and that the increase in its activity was observed when NADH, NADPH or succinate were used as electron donors. On the other hand, no difference in NR activity was observed in the cytoplasmic fraction of control plants and those which were treated with thermoperiod. Moreover, no NR activity was detected in cytosolic fractions when succinate was provided as electron donor. All together, this results showed that probably diferents isoforms are presents in pineapple roots. The extracellular isoform that is attached to the plasma membrane by a lipophilic anchor (using succinate as electron donor) can be present in root cells of pineapple and responded positively to the low night temperature stimulus. This study has made important contributions to the knowledge of the metabolism and physiology of Ananas comosus. This is the first time that the existence of a nitrate reductase associated with the plasma membrane, a very little studied enzyme, is documented in Bromeliaceae. (AU)