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| Author(s): |
Danilo Ciccone Miguel
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB/SDI) |
| Defense date: | 2011-06-30 |
| Examining board members: |
Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana;
Marcello Andre Barcinski;
Norton Heise;
Alejandro Miguel Katzin;
Nobuko Yoshida
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| Advisor: | Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana |
| Abstract | |
The treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is challenging, since the drugs used are frequently ineffective, very toxic and require parenteral administration. Therefore, the discovery of new drugs with leishmanicidal activity is in pressing need. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the activity of tamoxifen, a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer for decades, against Leishmania spp. in vitro and in vivo, and to identify its possible mechanism of action. The inhibitory concentrations of tamoxifen for 50% of parasite cultures, from reference strains and recent isolates from patients, ranged from 5 to 20 mM. Moreover, we showed that the intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg/day tamoxifen citrate for two weeks led to significant reductions in the lesion and ulcer sizes and parasite burden in L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Additionally, the administration of tamoxifen in two other models of animal infection proved its effectiveness against L. (L.) chagasi and L (V.) braziliensis. In an attempt to characterize tamoxifens mechanism of action against Leishmania, we found that this drug was able to induce a rapid alkalinization of macrophage vacuoles containing L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes. This phenomenon does not appear to be related to the death of the parasites, but rather is linked to an increased antileishmanial effect of tamoxifen. Another target investigated was the interference of tamoxifen in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Treated cells showed an overall reduction in the biosynthesis of farnesol, geraniol, dolichol, ergosterol and ubiquinone after metabolic labeling with [14C]-leucine, indicating that tamoxifen does not interfere specifically in the synthesis of those products. We have also studied the effects of tamoxifen on Leishmania ceramide metabolism. The strategy adopted was the metabolic labeling of promastigotes with C6-NBD-ceramide. Our results showed that Leishmania is able to incorporate NBD-ceramide. The incubation of promastigotes with classical inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis as well as with tamoxifen resulted in striking modifications in the pattern of sphingolipid biosynthesis. L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes treated with tamoxifen showed increased biosynthesis of acetylated glucosylceramide and acyl-ceramide and decreased synthesis of phosphosphingolipids. Finally, our data showed that tamoxifen induced the permeabilization of the promastigote plasma membrane and, based on studies using transmission electron microscopy, we found that this drug altered the mitochondrial structure and caused intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. The results presented here comprise the first report of the activity of tamoxifen against Leishmania and offer support for future trials to evaluate tamoxifen as an alternative for leishmaniasis chemotherapy. (AU) | |