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| Author(s): |
Andréa de Castro Leal
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD) |
| Defense date: | 2012-09-13 |
| Examining board members: |
Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge;
Luciani Renata Silveira de Carvalho;
Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias;
Regina Matsunaga Martin;
Bruno Ferraz de Souza
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| Advisor: | Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge |
| Abstract | |
Small for gestational age (SGA) children are at a greater risk of having a short stature in adulthood. The type 1 and 2 insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) are the main endocrine factors determining fetal growth, and most of the known actions of these hormones are mediated via a receptor tyrosine kinase, IGF-1R. Inactivating mutations and deletions of the IGF1R gene in heterozygosis have been reported with increasing frequency in the last 9 years in patients with a history of a failure to thrive pre- and postnatally. It is postulated that at least 2-3% of the children born SGA could be defective for the IGF1R. The clinical presentation of these patients is highly variable with regard to the severity of growth retardation and pre- and post-natal hormonal parameters. Objectives: The goal of this study was to identify the in vitro insensitivity to IGF-1 in patients with defects in IGF1R. Methods: We developed fibroblast cultures from two controls (C1 and C2) and 4 patients born SGA (SGA1, SGA2, SGA3 and SGA4) with a suspected insensitivity to IGF-1 by the absence of catch-up growth during their postnatal life. Of these patients, one (SGA1) carried a heterozygous missense mutation in the IGF1R gene (p.Arg511Trp), and the others exhibited low expression levels of IGF1R in their peripheral leukocytes, as evaluated using real-time PCR. One of these patients (SGA2) was also heterozygous for the allelic variant p.Gly6Arg of IGF1R, an alteration also found in the controls and family members not displaying growth restriction. The actions of IGF-1 were determined using proliferation assays, an analysis of the expression of IGF- 1R and phosphorylation studies of proteins of the IGF-1 signaling pathway in fibroblasts (via PI3K).Results: The SGA1, SGA2, SGA3 and SGA4 fibroblasts proliferated 55%, 66%, 64% and 28%, respectively, less under the stimulation of IGF-1 compared to the control lines. Using real-time PCR, the IGF1R mRNA expression showed reduced levels of IGF1R in the SGA2, SGA3 and SGA4 cells compared to the controls, and the total IGF-1R protein was also decreased in these cells. Moreover, the SGA1 cells showed increased expression levels of IGF1R mRNA and protein compared to the controls. In relation to the activation of PI3K, all of the cells showed decreased phosphorylation of AKT after the stimulation with IGF-1 compared to the control cells. Conclusion: We demonstrated the presence of a partial insensitivity to IGF-1 in the studied samples. The low expression of IGF1R observed in the peripheral leukocytes in the SGA2, SGA3 and SGA4 fibroblasts was confirmed at both the mRNA and protein levels, and the Andréa de Castro Leal Doutorado insensitivity of the cells to IGF-1 is secondary to the decreased expression of the receptor. In contrast, the cells with the mutation p.Arg511Trp (SGA1) displayed normal IGF-1R expression on the cell surface. The patients with alterations in the IGF1R gene do not exhibit a characteristic phenotype that differentiates them from other children born SGA and with no changes in this gene, thus showing the importance of molecular studies for this group of patients (AU) | |