Studies of the kinetic characteristics of alkaline phosphatase reconstituted in vesicular systems

Author(s)

Ana Maria Sper Simão

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Ribeirão Preto.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC)
• Defense date: 2008-07-15

Examining board members

Pietro Ciancaglini; Rosa dos Prazeres Melo Furriel Inocentes; José Luis Millán; Adriana Augusto de Rezende; Adalberto Luiz Rosa

• Advisor: Pietro Ciancaglini

Abstract

Alkaline phosphatase is a multifunctional enzyme, capable of hydrolyzing phosphate monoesters, pyrophosphate, phosphodiesters, as well as catalyzing transphosphorylation reactions, and it is named \"alkaline\" due to its ability to perform these reactions more efficiently in pH above the neutral (pH 8-11). The aim of this work was to standardize a methodology to obtain a membrane fraction rich in alkaline phosphatase from osteoblastic cells cultures, originated from rat bone marrow, without the use of organic solvents, collagenase or others proteases. The standardized procedure is simple and easy to reproduce, with the advantage of considerable reduction in the time needed to obtain this membrane fraction, which contributes to a smaller denaturing effect on the enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase is a membrane-bound enzyme attached to the cell membrane via a GPI anchor and was solubilized with both polidocanol (1%, w/v) and PIPLC (0,2 U/mL), hydrolyzing several substrates (PNPP, ATP, PPi, ADP, beta-glycerophosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate) and being inhibited by some classical inhibitors of this group of enzymes (levamisole, theophylline, ZnCl2, vanadate, phosphate and arsenate). The effect of liposomes constituted by DPPC, DPPC:DPPS (9:1 and 8:2, molar ratio) and DPPC:DODAB (9:1 and 8:2, molar ratio) on the enzyme insertion ability in the vesicular systems and activity modulation of the reconstituted enzyme were also evaluated. The alkaline phosphatase reconstitution in the mixed liposomes constituted by DPPC:DPPS (9:1), DPPC:DPPS (8:2) and DPPC:DODAB (8:2) presented maximum incorporation of the PNPPase enzyme activity (about 90%, 75% and 90%, respectively) after 4 hours, 5 hours and 40 minutes, respectively, of incubation of the several liposomes with the protein. However, using DPPC:DODAB (9:1) liposomes, only about 50% of the PNPPase enzyme activity was incorporated in the systems, even after 5 hours of incubation. For positive charged liposomes, a higher proportion of DODAB in the DPPC systems favored the alkaline phosphatase insertion into it after a short period of incubation. For negative charged liposomes, the different proportions of DPPS used did not have a big influence in both, incorporation velocity and quantity of incorporated enzyme into the systems. For all the systems used, the incorporation process is time dependent. SDS-PAGE of the DPPC proteoliposomes revealed only a single protein band, with molecular mass of about 60 kDa (when denaturated), which presented phosphomonohydrolase activity under non-denaturing conditions, with molecular mass of about 120 kDa. Thus, using this strategy, it was possible to obtain proteoliposomes rich in alkaline phosphatase due to the preferential insertion of the GPI anchor in the lipid bilayers, since the other proteins do not interact favorably with the vesicular systems. This proves that the standardized methodology for reconstitution can be used efficiently to obtain proteoliposomes systems without prior purification of the solubilized enzyme, with its maximum incorporation in the vesicles and a minimum loss of activity. The reconstitution of the enzyme using resealed ghost cells was obtained by incubating equal volumes of enzyme (23 microg/mL) and ghost cells (0,22 mg/mL), for 2 hours, at 25ºC, with about 40% of the alkaline phosphatase PNPPase activity being incorporated into the vesicles. To verify the effect of the membrane microenvironment on the activity of the reconstituted enzyme, the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of different substrates (ATP, PPi and PNPP) were determined. For all the substrates, only one class of hydrolysis sites was observed, with K0,5 values that varied from 0,14 to 2,7 mM. Excess of PPi and ATP in the reaction medium inhibited the PPase and ATPase activities of the reconstituted enzyme, respectively, in all systems studied. PPi hydrolysis presented positive cooperative effects for all systems, while for ATP hydrolysis a small positive cooperativity was observed only for the systems constituted by DPPC and containing DPPS in its composition. Thus, the enzyme did not lose the ability to hydrolyse any of the studied substrates when reconstituted in the different vesicular systems and all the data obtained strengthen the hypothesis that the lipid composition of the microenvironment where the alkaline phosphatase is located plays a great influence on the modulation of both enzyme activity and enzyme interaction with the vesicular systems. Thus, the results obtained provide new information that could contribute to the comprehension of the interaction mechanisms of the alkaline phosphatase with the membrane, as well as to studies of the enzyme function during the biomineralization process. (AU)