Sisal fibers: studies on the properties and chemical modifications for use in phenolic matrix composites

Author(s)

Jackson Dirceu Megiatto Júnior

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Carlos.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC/BT)
• Defense date: 2006-06-23

Examining board members

Elisabete Frollini; Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei; Ana Maria de Guzzi Plepis; Derval dos Santos Rosa; Amilton Martins dos Santos

• Advisor: Elisabete Frollini

Abstract

Considering the importance of developing new and valorized application areas for sisal fiber and also that detailed information on the chemical structure of its main constitutive polymers is scare, first hemicelluloses and lignin were extracted and characterized and then sisal fibers reinforced phenolic composites were prepared.While it is clear that substituting sisal fibers, a renewable resource, for the non-renewable components of the phenolic matrix would be beneficial for the environment, it is also hoped that such a substitution could lead to the development of composite materials with improved properties. Due to the joint goal of developing a novel material and investigating its properties, this work was divided into three stages. In the first stage, the key parameters for the preparation of the composites were optimized. These parameters included the final pressure applied on the mold at the phenolic matrix cure step, and the fraction and length of the sisal fibers used as reinforcement agents. The results showed that the higher final molding pressure (20 ton) leads to composites with better material properties. Under the conditions considered in the present work, of the present preparation method, the material containing 15% (w/w) of fibers with 3 cm of length randomly distributed presented the best performance. After optimizing the process conditions, the sisal fibers were subjected to a number of surface modifications in order to improve the interactions fiber-matrix at interface. The first chemical modification performed on the fibers involved reaction with lignin macromolecules. Two types of lignins were used: lignin of sugar cane bagasse extracted by the Organosolve process and another Indulin obtained using the wood (Pinus) Kraft pulping process. Both lignins were methylated via reaction with formaldehyde to increase their reactivity. These methylated lignins were used to modify the sisal fibers. In addition to chemical modification with lignins, the surfaces of the sisal fibers were also modified by furfuryl alcohol (FA) and polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA). For these treatments with FA and PFA, two chemical modifications were proposed involving the sites present in two components of the sisal fibers: the polysaccharides and the lignin. The polysaccharide modification was based on the reaction between them, mainly cellulose, and the polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA). In this reaction, potassium dichromate was used (K2Cr2O7) as a generator of radicals on carbohydrates and PFA chemical structures . This generation of radicals in both chemical structures catalyzes the grafting reaction of PFA on the surface of the fibers. The other chemical modification involved the reaction between FA and PFA with the lignin present naturally in the sisal fibers (protolignin). This modification is based on the selective oxidation reaction of the guaiacyl and syringyl units of the protolignin with chloride dioxide (ClO2) and subsequent Diels-Alder reaction between the furfuryl and polyfurfuryl alcohols. This combination of reactions yields new surface sites on the fibers thus allowing for a stronger interaction between the sisal fibers and matrix. While the interactions the fiber-matrix interface were indeed improved by the lignin and alcohol modifications, the mechanical properties of the sisal fibers were degraded by the treatments. Further, the impact strength of composites decreased. The third and last stage of the present work was the investigation of rubber toughening of the phenolic thermoset and, analogously, the composites reinforced with sisal fibers. For this purpose, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was added to phenolic resin. The results showed that the addition of 10% (w/w) of HTPB to the phenolic resin increases the impact strength of the thermoset. However, in the case of the composites, the addition of superior fractions to 2,5% (w/w) results in a reduction of impact strength. This reduction was caused by the formation of aggregates of HTPB particles at the matrix-fiber interface and on surface sisal fibers.The formation of the aggregates reduced the efficiency of the toughening process. The formation of the aggregates on the surface of the sisal fibers indicates that HTPB shows more compatibility with the sisal fibers than phenolic matrix. The strong affinity between the sisal fibers and the HTPB suggests that HTPB could be used as coupling agent between the sisal fiber and the matrix. A composite reinforced with sisal fibers modified with HTPB was indeed prepared. The results demonstrated that HTPB forms a thin coating on the surface of the fibers and that this polymeric coating increased interactions at the fiber-matrix interface. As a result, water uptake of the composite was decreased. However, no change in the values of the impact strength of composite was observed. As a whole, the data presented in this thesis show that the sisal fibers demonstrate good performance as a thermoset phenolic matrix reinforcers. Reinforcement with sisal fibers has large scale potential as a substitute of synthetic fibers depending on the intended application of the material. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 03/06988-6 - Effects of: a) physical and chemical surface treatments of the sisal fiber; and b) introduction of the nitrile rubber in the composition of matrices, in the properties of phenolic and lignophenolic matrix composites
• Grantee: Jackson Dirceu Megiatto Junior
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)