Behavior of dissolved inorganic N in surface and sub-surface waters in a cultivated sugar cane area

Author(s)

Alexandre Martins Fernandes

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Piracicaba.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/STB)
• Defense date: 2008-08-25

Examining board members

Jefferson Mortatti; Marisa de Cassia Piccolo; André Cesar Vitti

• Advisor: Jefferson Mortatti

Abstract

The sugar cane is an important agricultural activity in Brazil and its productivity is related to several factors, such as the availability of suitable nutrients quantities, with emphasis on the nitrogen. However, the constant use of fertilizers increases the possibility of environmental contamination, mainly in water bodies. In this study were evaluated the inorganic N performance and other major dissolved ions present in surface and sub-surface waters in sugar cane areas, considering the atmospheric contributions and its environmental implications. In the experimental area, located in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brazil, were collected water samples in four points: pluviometer, Cocais stream, soil solution extractors and groundwater, which were analyzed by ionic chromatography and Gran microtitration. The major ions were characterized for each sampling point considering, beyond their concentrations, their seasonal variability and the dissolved loads transports and potential for loss by leaching during the studied period. It was observed that the waters samples from rain and Cocais stream had the lowest ionic concentrations, with average Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 5.28 and 3.71 mg L-1, respectively; soil solution presented the greatest concentrations, with average TDS ranging from 78.67 to 130.56 mg L-1, and in the groundwater samples the concentrations presented intermediate values, with TDS mean of 12.72 mg L-1. The participation of dissolved nitrogen ions in TDS was 17.87% for the rain waters, with concentration peaks for NO3- and NH4+ at the beginning of the rainy periods; for other sampling points such participation was less than 5%, without significant changes over the studied period. Among the nitrogen ions, the NO3- had the higher participation in TDS for all the sampling points, with atmospheric inputs of 35.68 kg y-1 in 2006 and 34.66 kg y-1 in 2007, and an average stream transport of 46.16 kg for the high water period in 2007, which was twice higher than the estimative for the low water period in the same year corresponding to 82% of the transported NID in this period. It was also verified that during the soil solution sampling, January to April 2006, the water flows had always descending movement, indicating a loss potential by leaching about 2.94 kg ha-1 for the nitrogen ions in the period emphasizing the NO3- with 1.59 kg ha-1. The íon/Cl- ratios showed that there was influence of the local land contributions in the rain waters and they demonstrated the control of the atmospheric total contributions (rain) in the waters of Cocais stream and groundwater, in addition, they also indicated that there was not soil solution leaching to the groundwater. Yet, the risks of contamination associated with the sugar cane plantations can not be disregarded, indicating the need for more studies (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 06/52978-0 - Behavior of the inorganic N dissolved in surface and sub-surface waters in area under sugarcane cultivation
• Grantee: Alexandre Martins Fernandes
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master