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| Author(s): |
Luís Gustavo Cofani dos Santos
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/STB) |
| Defense date: | 2009-09-18 |
| Examining board members: |
Elisabete Aparecida De Nadai Fernandes;
Fernando Barbosa Junior;
Peter Bode;
Ana Rita de Araujo Nogueira;
Mitiko Saiki
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| Advisor: | Elisabete Aparecida De Nadai Fernandes |
| Abstract | |
Milk is a complete food. It contains micronutrients, aminoacids, and fatty acids in adequate amounts for human intake. In a simple way, its composition can be divided into water, lipids, lactose, proteins and mineral salts. The composition of milk, however, is not an absolute one. Features such as breed, production system, nourishment and climate can affect the final product quality. The reflex of globalization on the Brazilian dairy husbandry resulted in the creation of the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Central Laboratories (Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios Centralizados de Qualidade de Leite - RBQL). The Normative Instruction 51 (IN51), a constituent part of the National Milk Quality Improvement Program (PNMQL) has approved the technical regulations of production, identity and quality of type-A milk, type-B milk, type-C milk, pasteurized milk, and refrigerated raw milk as well as the technical regulation for refrigerated raw milk collecting and transportation. The Brazilian dairy industry, with milk mostly deriving from breeds Holandesa, Gir, Girolanda, Jersey, Pardo Suiço and Guzera, is in charge of insuring the quality of the commercialized product. Developing a reliable measuring system is essential in the industrial, scientific and commercial fields. Thus, the aim of this work is to chemically evaluate the brands of commercial UHT bovine milk with different amounts of fat and from different states of Brazil, purchased in the city of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, and compare the established values with those informed by the manufacturers in the \"Nutritional Facts\" table in the packages labels, in addition to investigating the INAA potentiality in the chemical quantification of the respective feeding matrix. Another goal was to chemically compare the milk deriving from cooling tanks in the state of Minas Gerais and those from cooling tanks in the state of São Paulo, thus inferring on the limits established by the IN51, the national and international legislations in force. Also an exploratory analysis of a few nutrient sources of bovine cattle feeding was observed. The results indicated that the sample preparation and INAA procedures were successfully employed to determine Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb and Zn. As to the comparison between the established values and those stated by the manufacturers, the Ca values tended to be lower than the informed ones, unlike what happened to Na. Out of 16 chemical elements quantified by INAA and ICP-MS, 10 showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between the rural properties in the state of Minas Gerais and those in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Out of the chemical elements quantified by INAA, Br, Cs, K and Rb have already been pointed in works developed at the Laboratory of Radioisotopes as important to discriminate the production system of several crops. In the study of animal-derived milk, the mean values determined for the quality parameters met the limits established by the IN51. For the 16 chemical elements determined by INAA and ICP-MS, Co and Mn were the only ones showing no significant differences (p < 0.05) among all four properties by the Tukey multiple comparison test. Through the cluster analysis the breed was verified to be essential to the separation of groups, however, the production system is also to be taken into account. As to the maximum tolerance limits (MTL) established by the Brazilian legislation and having specific values for milk, the As did not exceed the maximum limits established, yet, attention must be paid to Cr and Se since their mean values are beyond the MTL. The mass fraction results determined in roughages and concentrates for bovine cattle feeding made possible the distinction of the nutrient source matrix and their origin (AU) | |