Functional characterization of different components of the metabolic pathways involved in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans DNA damage response

Author(s)

Iran Malavazi

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Ribeirão Preto.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC)
• Defense date: 2007-07-25

Examining board members

Gustavo Henrique Goldman; Juan Lucas Argueso Gomes de Almeida; Marcelo Damario Gomes; Augusto Schrank; Sergio Akira Uyemura

• Advisor: Gustavo Henrique Goldman

Abstract

The Mre11 protein complex (Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1) has emerged as a central component in the human cellular DNA damage response, and recent observations suggest that these proteins are at least partially responsible for the linking of DNA damage detection to DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint functions. In Aspergillus nidulans, the sldI1444D mutant was isolated in a screen for dynein synthetic lethals. The sldIRAD50 gene was cloned by complementation of the sporulation deficiency phenotype of this mutant. A transversion G-C at the position 2509 (Ala-692-Proamino acid change) in the sldI1444D mutant causes sensitivity to several DNAdamaging agents. The mutation sldI1 occurs at the CXXC hinge domain of Rad50. An inactivation strain sldIRAD50::pyrG was constructed. Besides sensitivity to a number of DNA-damaging agents, this deletion strain was also impaired in the DNA replication checkpoint response and in ascospore viability. Also, sldIRAD50::pyrG geneticaly interacted with bimEAPC1, acting in the spindle pole checkpoint control during segregation, suggesting a new possible role of Mre11 complex. In parallel to the Mre11 complex, two apical quinases ATM and ATR respond to DNA damage and transduce the signal to effector proteins. In humans, mutations in ATM cause the devastating neurodegenerative disease Ataxia Telangiectasia. Here we characterized the homolog of ATM (AtmA) in the filamentous fungus A. nidulans. The deletion strain atmA presented defects in the DNA damage response as previously shown in other model organisms including intra S-phase and G2/M checkpoint defects, sensitivity to camptothecin and bleomycin. Also, the crude extract from the mutant strain did not phosphorylate the NBS1 homologue ScaA. In addition to its expected role in the DNA damage response, the atmA mutant showed increased nuclear division kinetics and severe defects in polarized hyphal growth, indicating a novel feature for the ATM gene. Probably, AtmA regulates the function and/or localization of landmark proteins required for the formation of a polarity axis. We extended these studies by investigating which pathways are controlled by AtmA during proliferation and polar growth by comparatively determining the transcriptional profile of A. nidulans wild type and atmA mutant strains in different growth conditions. Our results indicated an important role of the pentose phosphate pathway in the fungal proliferation during endogenous DNA damage and polar growth monitored by the AtmA kinase. Furthermore, we identified several genes that have decreased mRNA expression in the atmA mutant that are involved in the formation of polarized hyphae and control of polar growth; in the biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid and ergosterol; and intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport. In order to identify genes that responded to the DNA damage mediated by the anti- toposomerase I drug, camptothecin, we used an A. nidulans macroarray carrying sequences of 2,787 genes from this fungus to monitor gene expression of both wild-type and uvsBATR in a time-point experiment where mycelium was exposed to 60, 90 and 120 minutes to the drug. The results revealed a total of 1,512 and 1,700 genes in the wild-type and uvsBATR deletion mutant strain that displayed statistically significant difference in at least one experimental time-point. We characterized six genes that have increased mRNA expression in the presence of CPT in the wild-type strain relative to the uvsBATR mutant strain: fhdA (encoding a fork head associated domain protein), tprA (encoding a hypothetical protein that contains a tetratrico peptide repeat), mshA (encoding a MutS homologue involved in mismatch repair), phbA (encoding a prohibitin homologue), uvsCRAD51 (the homologue of the RAD51 gene), and cshA (encoding a homologue of the excision repair protein ERCC-6 [Cockaynes syndrome protein]). The induced transcript levels of these genes in the presence of CPT required uvsBATR. These genes were deleted, and surprisingly, only the uvsCRAD51 mutant strain was sensitive to CPT; however, the others displayed sensitivity to a range of DNA-damaging and oxidative stress agents. Moreover, with the exception of UvsC, deletion of each of these genes partially suppressed the sensitivity of the uvsB strain to menadione and paraquat. These results indicated a very complex and heterogeneous sensitivity behavior during growth in the presence of agents that directly or indirectly cause DNA damage and the transcriptional response to DNAdamaging agents does not necessarily identify the genes that protect against these agents. (AU)