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| Author(s): |
Gisele Fátima Morais Nunes
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Master's Dissertation |
| Press: | Lorena. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL/ASDI) |
| Defense date: | 2008-08-29 |
| Examining board members: |
Júlio César dos Santos;
Heizir Ferreira de Castro;
Daniela Helena Pelegrine Guimarães
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| Advisor: | Júlio César dos Santos |
| Abstract | |
The nutritional food characteristics have been highly considered by consumers due to the constant worries with their effects on health. However, the success of a new food product in the market depends also on its physical characteristics, such as spreadability, appearance and mouthfeel. These properties are very important for industrial processing and acceptability of the product by the consumer. In this context, the objective of present project was to assess the effect of the enzymatic transesterification of milkfat with soybean oil on the composition and texture of the obtained product. For this reaction Aspergillus niger lipase previously immobilized in polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid matrix was chosen as catalyst. The work was carried in three steps. Firstly, raw materials were characterized regarding their humidity, acid, saponification, peroxide and iodine indexes, rheological and thermal properties. Following these, raw materials were mixed at different proportions according to a statistical mixture factorial design and used as substrate in the transesterification reactions. The response variables were acid, saponification, iodine and peroxide indexes, texture properties (consistency and hardness) and transesterification yields. Acid, saponification, peroxide and iodine indexes showed a linear dependence on the milkfat mass fraction for both physical raw materials blends and transesterified products. Regarding the texture properties, statistical models were composed and allowed verifying that the transesterification reaction decreased both consistency and hardness for substrates containing more than 50% of milkfat. No alteration in these properties was noted for substrates containing lower milkfat fraction. The evaluation of the product compositions showed that samples containing pure milkfat and mixtures containing 67 to 75% of milkfat yielded modifications in the triacylglycerols profile (TAGs) such as decreased on the C34-C38 and C54 TAGs concentrations and increased on the C24-C30 and C44-C50 TAGs concentrations. Reactions carried with pure milkfat resulted in higher transesterification yield (5.20%) as compared with pure soybean oil (3.33%), and this was related to the specificity of the enzyme for fatty acids presented in the milkfat. The highest transesterification yield (10.75%) was obtained for mixtures containing 67% of milkfat. Theses results indicated that the transesterification reactions of substrates containing 50-67% of milkfat gave products having better properties regarding the texture (more spreadability) under cooling temperature than butter, milkfat or simple physical blend at the same composition. Consistency and hardness values were at least 32% lower than data for butterfat. Therefore, the proposed experimental work allowed demonstrating that the enzymatic transesterification of a mixture containing high milkfat levels besides partially preserving the milkfat organoleptic characteristics also rendering a product with better texture (higher spreadability) and nutritional properties (higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids). (AU) | |