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| Author(s): |
Mayra Cadorin Vidal
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Master's Dissertation |
| Press: | Campinas, SP. |
| Institution: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Biologia |
| Defense date: | 2013-06-14 |
| Examining board members: |
Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira;
Thiago Gonçalves Souza;
Anselmo Nogueira
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| Advisor: | Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira; Sebastian Felipe Sendoya Echeverry |
| Abstract | |
Exploiters of mutualism - individuals that use resources/services offered by mutualists giving nothing in return - can cause serious damages to mutualists, especially when it involves the death of one of the partners. Plants bearing EFNs usually maintain mutualism with aggressive ants, which defend the plant against herbivores. In a cerrado area at Itirapina (SP), we found a new dipteran species of the genus Rhinoleucophenga (Drosophilidae) whose larvae construct sticky shelters on top of active EFNs of Q. grandiflora. Field observations revealed those ants and others insects that visit the EFNs can get trapped at the sticky larval shelters, and are consumed by the larvae. We hypothesized that Rhinoleucophenga larvae could be interfering with the ant-Qualea mutualism, and thus be acting as an exploiter of this interaction. Here, we investigate the natural history of Rhinoleucophenga larvae, mainly its behavior and association with ants and Qualea, and their possible effect on the ant-Qualea mutualism. Larvae of Rhinoleucophenga sp. nov. occur in 85% of the individuals of Qualea grandiflora inspected at Itirapina. Rhinoleucophenga larvae occur mostly during the rainy season, mainly at the apex and abaxial surface of the branches. We found 27 ant species visiting Qualea. The two most frequent visiting species, Brachymyrmex sp. 1 and Camponotus crassus, were most common insects trapped at larval shelters. Chemical analyses revealed that Rhinoleucophenga larvae use Qualea's extrafloral nectar to attract insect prey to their shelters. Qualea branches infested by ant-preying Rhinoleucophenga larvae had ant visitors for less time and in lower numbers than dipteran-free branches. This negative effect on ant foraging activity resulted in decreased levels of ant aggression to live termite-baits (i.e., simulated herbivores) on leaves of dipteran-infested compared to dipteran-free branches. Controlled field experiments demonstrated that branches hosting Rhinoleucophenga larvae had higher numbers of chewing herbivores and higher levels of foliar herbivory than dipteran-free branches. By using Qualea's EFNs as larval shelters and as attractants to ant prey, larvae of Rhinoleucophenga sp. nov. negatively affect both the plant and ant visitors, with cascading effects ultimately resulting in increased herbivore damage to leaves. Thus we can conclude that ant-eating Rhinoleucophenga larvae are acting as exploiters of the mutualism between ants and Q. grandiflora and also as top predator, causing cascade effect on this system (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 10/13619-0 - Exploitation of ants-Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae) mutualism by Medetera (Dolichopodidae, Diptera) |
| Grantee: | Mayra Cadorin Vidal |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Master |