Vitamin D pathway in canine mammary tumors

Author(s)

Simone Crestoni Fernandes

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD)
• Defense date: 2013-12-12

Examining board members

Maria Aparecida Azevedo Koike Folgueira; Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli; Durvanei Augusto Maria; Igor Moyses Longo Snitcovsky

• Advisor: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Koike Folgueira

Abstract

Vitamin D (VD) may be involved in the control of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of mammary cell lines exposed to high concentrations of the hormone. There is some evidence that women with breast cancer present lower serum level of 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 compared to women without cancer. Moreover, little is known if serum concentration of VD can influence the development of mammary tumors in dogs and if the hormone may have chemopreventive effect by inhibiting the appearance of tumors or therapeutic effect, reducing the proliferation of malignant cells. Therefore, our goals were to compare the serum 25(OH)D3 level in animals with and without mammary tumor and to analyze 1,25(OH)2D3 effects in normal and tumoral canine mammary glands, using as a model the tissue culture. At first, 39 bitches with mammary tumor and 64 dogs without tumor (control), of which 50 were females and 14 were males were included. Animals in tumor group were older (median 108 months) compared to control group (median 36 months for males and 24 months for females). In control group, serum concentration was higher in males (32.5 ± 19.3 ng/mL) than in females (22.8 ± 9.6 ng/mL), but there was no difference when compared to tumor group (26.62 ± 14.25 ng/mL). Regarding diet, serum 25(OH)D3 level was higher in control bitches fed commercial pet food compared to those fed homemade and commercial pet food combined. However, there was no difference of serum 25(OH)D3 concentration, sun exposure and coat features. In tumor group, there was an inverse correlation between serum 25(OH)D3 and age, but there was no difference in 25(OH)D3 concentration among bitches with different histological type or clinical stage of the disease. Seventhy bitches diagnosed with mammary tumors had tumor and mammary samples collected, sliced and cultured. In tumor tissues, 50% were positive for estrogen receptor (over 10% of cells stained), and 44% were positive for HER-2 (HercepTest method). Vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein and genic expression was detected in normal and tumoral samples. Three patterns of VDR were detected by immunohistochemistry: I - localizated in epithelial and myoepithelial cells (more often in normal tissues), II - predominantly in myoepithelial cells (most common in tumor tissues) and III - predominantly in epithelial cells. Normal anmammary slices were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 0.228 and 100nM concentrations (concentration physiological and pharmacological, respectively) and mammay tumor slices were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 2 nM concentrations (drug concentration which does not induce hypercalcemia) and 100 nM, for 24 hours. VD tissue content measured by liquid chromatography was higher in samples exposed to high VD concentration, indicating penetration of the hormone in slices. VD treatment induced CYP24A1 expression, 27 to 158 fold depending on the concentration used, and indicating activation of the VD genomic pathway. This result also suggest that the tissue remains metabolically active in culture. However, no difference in gene expression of other target genes such as CYP27B1, genes involved in proliferation as CDKN1A and CDKN1B and genes involved in immunity, such as CD14. Calcitriol treatment at different concentrations did not induce apoptosis (protein expression of cleaved caspase-3) and did not alter proliferation in normal tissues (expression of protein Ki -67), but decreased proliferation in tumor tissues. No correlation was observed between the induction of apoptosis and reduction of proliferation with the protein expression patterns of VDR. In conclusion, no difference in serum 25(OH)D3 between bitches with mammary tumor and control animals was observed. In normal and tumoral mammary samples calcitriol physiologic concentration activated VD genomic pathway and in tumor samples calcitriol reduced the proliferation index (Ki-67) (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 10/01837-3 - Vitamin D pathway in canine mammary tumors
• Grantee: Simone Crestoni Fernandes
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate