Abstract
Ouabain (Oua) is a glycoside cardenolide, found in the plant kingdom and mammals. In addition to inhibiting the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA), this interaction is capable of regulating protein kinases through its signalosome activity, causing cellular effects such as hypertrophy and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevated levels of this glycoside are associated with severa…