Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is frequently associated with inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, which is essential for regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1¿ (HIF-1¿). The classic treatment for ccRCC includes tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as sunitinib. However, tumor resistance to these drugs is common and multifactorial, such as activation of alternative…