Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, and is naturally present in the soil in the form of oxides and aluminosilicates. However, in acidic soils, with a pH lower than 5, these minerals can be solubilized and release potentially phytotoxic forms, such as Al3+, into the soil solution. Symbiotic associations between roots and soil microorganisms can alter patt…