Abstract
Farmed fish production in Brazil has been growing at an average rate of 5.5% per year since 2017, with Nile tilapia standing out, reaching around 550 tons by 2022. However, highly virulent pathogens have emerged in fish farms in the South and Southeast regions, resulting in significant economic losses. In 2021, the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) was officially reporte…