Evaluation of methods for detection of asymptomatic individuals infected with Leishmania infantum in the state of Piaui, Brazil

Author(s)

Porcino, Gabriane Nascimento ^[1] ; Sousa Carvalho, Katia Silene ^[2] ; Braz, Debora Cavalcante ^[2] ; Silva, Vladimir Costa ^[2] ; Nery Costa, Carlos Henrique ^[2] ; Ferreira de Miranda Santos, Isabel Kinney ^[1]

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Immunol, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil

^[2] Univ Fed Piaui, Inst Trop Dis Natan Portela, Teresina - Brazil

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases; v. 13, n. 7 JUL 2019.
• Web of Science Citations: 1

Abstract

Background Visceral Leishmaniasis in humans presents with fever, anemia, and splenomegaly and can be lethal if not treated. Nevertheless, the majority of Leishmania infantum-infected individuals does not manifest symptoms and remain so provided they are not immunosuppressed. In this work, the performance of different tests was evaluated to detect asymptomatic individuals who were living in Teresina, Piaui state, Brazil, an endemic area for VL. Methodology L. infantum-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA and two different rapid immunochromatographic (IC) diagnostic tests, Kalazar Detect and OnSite, and parasitic loads were detected by real time PCR {[}qPCR]. Additionally, we measured levels of the biomarkers monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG) and IFN-gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) before and after stimulation of whole blood with soluble Leishmania antigen {[}SLA]. Principal findings Kalazar Detect and OnSite detected, respectively, 76% and 64% of patients presenting with active Visceral Leishmaniasis; 50% and 57% of patients remained positive in these tests, respectively, after treatment. Of the healthy participants in the study who were living in the endemic area, only 1.7% were positive with both of the IC tests. On the other hand, reactivity in ELISA tests revealed that 13% of these individuals presented asymptomatic infections; among VL patients, 84% presenting with active disease were reactive in ELISA, and after treatment, 55.5% were seropositive. L. infantum DNA was present in the blood of 37.9% of infected individuals living in the endemic area, while IP-10 and MIG biomarkers were detected in 26.7% of them. The greatest concordance of positivity occurred between ELISA and qPCR. Conclusion The association of different techniques can detect asymptomatic infections, however, more research is necessary to develop ideal biomarkers that are simple to use in the clinic and in field studies in areas endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Author summary Infections with Leishmania infantum occurring in humans can become clinically manifest as active visceral leishmaniasis {[}VL], more frequently so in individuals with compromised immune systems and the disease can be fatal if left untreated. However, many individuals living in endemic areas who are infected through of a bite of the insect vector remain asymptomatic. Currently, other forms of transmission are being discussed, such as through blood transfusions and organ donations from asymptomatic individuals. Parallel to this knowledge, we know that dogs are reservoirs for L. infantum, but the role of asymptomatic humans as alternative reservoirs of VL is still is debated. A bone marrow aspirate is the best test to diagnose active VL in humans, but is too invasive to use in all people living in endemic areas. Therefore, less invasive tests are needed that use blood samples to detect infected persons who have not developed disease. In this regard, we evaluated different tests in order to find out which is the most effective to diagnose asymptomatic infections. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 16/18527-3 - The role of IgG FC N-glycosylation on the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis: insights into new strategies of therapy
• Grantee: Gabriane Nascimento Porcino
• Support type: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 15/07820-9 - Patterns of N-Glycosylation of IgG Fc Regions: Role in Regulation of Immune Responses against Leishmania infantum and Application in New Therapeutical Strategies for Kala Azar
• Grantee: Isabel Kinney Ferreira de Miranda Santos
• Support type: Regular Research Grants