Multi-generational exposure to fipronil, 2,4-D, and their mixtures in Chironomus sancticaroli: Biochemical, individual, and population endpoints{*}

Author(s)

da Silva Pinto, Thandy Junio ^{[1, 2]} ; Rocha, Giseli Swerts ^{[1, 2]} ; Moreira, Raquel Aparecida ^{[1, 2]} ; Menezes da Silva, Lais Conceicao ^{[1, 2]} ; Cardoso Yoshii, Maria Paula ^{[1, 2]} ; Goulart, Bianca Veloso ^[3] ; Montagner, Cassiana Carolina ^[3] ; Daam, Michiel Adriaan ^[4] ; Gaeta Espindola, Evaldo Luiz ^{[1, 2]}

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Sch Engn, PPG SEA, Av Trabalhador Sao Carlense 400, BR-13560970 Sao Carlos - Brazil

^[2] Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Sch Engn, NEEA CRHEA SHS, Av Trabalhador Sao Carlense 400, BR-13560970 Sao Carlos - Brazil

^[3] Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Chem, Analyt Chem Dept, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[4] Univ Nova Lisboa, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, CENSE, P-2829516 Quinta Da Torre, Caparica - Portugal

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: Environmental Pollution; v. 283, AUG 15 2021.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

Conventional farming delivers a range of pesticides to aquatic ecosystems leading to implications for the indigenous species. Due to the multiple applications and persistence of molecules, organisms may be exposed for a prolonged period over multiple generations. The present study outlines a full life-cycle design over three generations of Chironomus sancticaroli exposed to the insecticide fipronil, the herbicide 2,4-D, and their mixtures. The experiment started with newly hatched larvae from the parental generation and lasted with the emerged adults from the second generation. Five nominal concentrations of fipronil and 2,4-D were tested, as well as six combinations of both pesticides. As additional responses, the total carbohydrates and the lipid classes were evaluated in the parental generation. The first and second generations were more susceptible to the tested compounds compared with the parental ones. Survival of larvae and pupae was decreased by both pesticides and their mixtures along with the generations. Only fipronil impaired the survival of emerged adults. Both pesticides (isolated and in the mixture) altered the emergence and the fraction of males and females. Moreover, the number of eggs produced, and their hatchability decreased. Only one combination of the pesticides increased the content of carbohydrates. Fipronil, 2,4-D, and its mixture altered the profile of the lipid classes. All mixture treatments and the three highest concentrations of fipronil extinguished the population of C. sancticaroli at the end of the first generation. In the remaining treatments with the insecticide, the population did not survive the second generation. Only three concentrations of 2,4-D and the control persisted until the end of the experiment. The results indicate that a prolonged exposition to these pesticides may disrupt the natural populations of exposed organisms with consequences to ecosystems' functioning, considering the importance of chironomids to aquatic and terrestrial environments. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 15/25436-1 - Influence of copper and cadmium in algae and their ecotoxicological effects in freshwater zooplankton
• Grantee: Giseli Swerts Rocha
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 17/24126-4 - EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDES FIPRONIL AND 2,4-D, ISOLATELY AND IN MIXTURE, ON NATIVE SPECIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL AQUATIC BIOTA
• Grantee: Raquel Aparecida Moreira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 15/18790-3 - Environmental effects of the pasture-sugarcane conversion and pasture intensification
• Grantee: Luiz Antonio Martinelli
• Support Opportunities: Research Program on Global Climate Change - Thematic Grants