Deep-learning based reconstruction of the shower maximum X(max)( )using the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author(s):Show less -

Aab, A. ^{[1, 2]} ; Abreu, P. ^{[3, 4]} ; Aglietta, M. ^{[5, 6]} ; Albury, J. M. ^[7] ; Allekotte, I. ^{[8, 9]} ; Almela, A. ^{[10, 11]} ; Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^[12] ; Batista, R. Alves ^[1] ; Anastasi, G. A. ^{[5, 13]} ; Anchordoqui, L. ^[14] ; Andrada, B. ^[11] ; Andringa, S. ^{[3, 4]} ; Aramo, C. ^[15] ; Ferreira, P. R. Araujo ^[16] ; Arteaga Velazquez, J. C. ^[17] ; Asorey, H. ^[11] ; Assis, P. ^{[3, 4]} ; Avila, G. ^{[18, 19]} ; Badescu, A. M. ^[20] ; Bakalova, A. ^[21] ; Balaceanu, A. ^[22] ; Barbato, F. ^{[23, 24, 2]} ; Barreira Luz, R. J. ^{[3, 4]} ; Becker, K. H. ^[25] ; Bellido, J. A. ^{[7, 26]} ; Berat, C. ^[2] ; Bertaina, M. E. ^{[5, 13]} ; Bertou, X. ^{[8, 9]} ; Biermann, P. L. ^[27] ; Bister, T. ^[16] ; Biteau, J. ^[28] ; Blazek, J. ^[21] ; Bleve, C. ^[2] ; Bohacova, M. ^[21] ; Boncioli, D. ^{[23, 29]} ; Bonifazi, C. ^[30] ; Bonneau Arbeletche, L. ^[31] ; Borodai, N. ^[32] ; Botti, A. M. ^[11] ; Brack, J. ^[33] ; Bretz, T. ^[16] ; Brichetto Orchera, P. G. ^[11] ; Briechle, F. L. ^[16] ; Buchholz, P. ^[34] ; Bueno, A. ^{[35, 36]} ; Buitink, S. ^[37] ; Buscemi, M. ^[38] ; Caballero-Mora, K. S. ^[39] ; Caccianiga, L. ^{[40, 41]} ; Canfora, F. ^{[1, 42]} ; Caracas, I. ^[25] ; Carceller, J. M. ^{[35, 36]} ; Caruso, R. ^{[38, 43]} ; Castellina, A. ^{[5, 6]} ; Catalani, F. ^[44] ; Cataldi, G. ^[45] ; Cazon, L. ^{[3, 4]} ; Cerda, M. ^[19] ; Chinellato, J. A. ^[46] ; Choi, K. ^[47] ; Chudoba, J. ^[21] ; Chytka, L. ^[48] ; Clay, R. W. ^[7] ; Cobos Cerutti, A. C. ^{[49, 50]} ; Colalillo, R. ^{[15, 51]} ; Coleman, A. ^[52] ; Coluccia, M. R. ^[45] ; Conceicao, R. ^{[3, 4]} ; Condorelli, A. ^{[23, 24]} ; Consolati, G. ^{[41, 53]} ; Contreras, F. ^{[18, 19]} ; Convenga, F. ^{[54, 45]} ; Correia dos Santos, D. ^[55] ; Covault, C. E. ^[56] ; Dasso, S. ^{[57, 58, 59, 60]} ; Daumiller, K. ^[61] ; Dawson, B. R. ^[7] ; Day, J. A. ^[7] ; de Almeida, R. M. ^[55] ; de Jesus, J. ^{[11, 61]} ; de Jong, S. J. ^{[1, 42]} ; De Mauro, G. ^{[1, 42]} ; de Mello Neto, J. R. T. ^{[30, 62]} ; De Mitri, I. ^{[23, 24]} ; de Oliveira, J. ^[55] ; de Oliveira Franco, D. ^[46] ; de Palma, F. ^{[54, 45]} ; de Souza, V. ^[63] ; De Vito, E. ^{[54, 45]} ; del Rio, M. ^{[18, 19]} ; Deligny, O. ^[64] ; Di Matteo, A. ^[5] ; Dobrigkeit, C. ^[46] ; D'Olivo, J. C. ; dos Anjos, R. C. ^[65] ; Dova, M. T. ^{[66, 67]} ; Ebr, J. ^[21] ; Engel, R. ^{[61, 68]} ; Epicoco, I. ^{[54, 45]} ; Erdmann, M. ^[16] ; Escobar, C. O. ^[69] ; Etchegoyen, A. ^{[10, 11]} ; Falcke, H. ^{[1, 70, 42]} ; Farmer, J. ^[71] ; Farrar, G. ^[72] ; Fauth, A. C. ^[46] ; Fazzini, N. ^[69] ; Feldbusch, F. ^[73] ; Fenu, F. ^{[5, 6]} ; Fick, B. ^[74] ; Figueira, J. M. ^[11] ; Filipcic, A. ^{[75, 76]} ; Fodran, T. ^[1] ; Freire, M. M. ^{[77, 78]} ; Fujii, T. ^{[71, 79, 80]} ; Fuster, A. ^{[10, 11]} ; Galea, C. ^[1] ; Galelli, C. ^{[40, 41]} ; Garcia, B. ^{[49, 50]} ; Vegas, A. L. Garcia ^[16] ; Gemmeke, H. ^[73] ; Gesualdi, F. ^{[11, 61]} ; Gherghel-Lascu, A. ^[22] ; Ghia, P. L. ^[64] ; Giaccari, U. ^[1] ; Giammarchi, M. ^[41] ; Giller, M. ^[81] ; Glombitza, J. ^[16] ; Gobbi, F. ^[19] ; Gollan, F. ^[11] ; Golup, G. ^{[8, 9]} ; Gomez Berisso, M. ^{[8, 9]} ; Gomez Vitale, P. F. ^{[18, 19]} ; Gongora, J. P. ^{[18, 19]} ; Gonzalez, J. M. ^{[8, 9]} ; Gonzalez, N. ^[47] ; Goos, I. ^{[61, 8, 9]} ; Gora, D. ^[32] ; Gorgi, A. ^{[5, 6]} ; Gottowik, M. ^[25] ; Grubb, T. D. ^[7] ; Guarino, F. ^{[15, 51]} ; Guedes, G. P. ^[82] ; Guido, E. ^{[5, 13]} ; Hahn, S. ^{[11, 61]} ; Hamal, P. ^[21] ; Hampel, M. R. ^[11] ; Hansen, P. ^{[66, 67]} ; Harari, D. ^{[8, 9]} ; Harvey, V. M. ^[7] ; Haungs, A. ^[61] ; Hebbeker, T. ^[16] ; Heck, D. ^[61] ; Hill, G. C. ^[7] ; Hojvat, C. ^[69] ; Horandel, J. R. ^{[1, 42]} ; Horvath, P. ^[48] ; Hrabovsky, M. ^[48] ; Huege, T. ^{[37, 61]} ; Hulsman, J. ^{[11, 61]} ; Insolia, A. ^{[38, 43]} ; Isar, P. G. ^[83] ; Janecek, P. ^[21] ; Johnsen, J. A. ^[84] ; Jurysek, J. ^[21] ; Kaeaepae, A. ^[25] ; Kampert, K. H. ^[25] ; Keilhauer, B. ^[61] ; Kemp, J. ^[16] ; Klages, H. O. ^[61] ; Kleifges, M. ^[73] ; Kleinfeller, J. ^[19] ; Koepke, M. ^[68] ; Kunka, N. ^[73] ; Lago, B. L. ^[85] ; Lang, R. G. ^[63] ; Langner, N. ^[16] ; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A. ^[86] ; Lenok, V. ^[61] ; Letessier-Selvon, A. ^[87] ; Lhenry-Yvon, I. ^[64] ; Lo Presti, D. ^{[38, 43]} ; Lopes, L. ^{[3, 4]} ; Lopez, R. ; Lu, L. ^{[88, 89]} ; Luce, Q. ^[68] ; Lucero, A. ^[11] ; Lundquist, J. P. ^[76] ; Machado Payeras, A. ^[46] ; Mancarella, G. ^{[54, 45]} ; Mandat, D. ^[21] ; Manning, B. C. ^[7] ; Manshanden, J. ^[90] ; Mantsch, P. ^[69] ; Marafico, S. ^[64] ; Mariazzi, A. G. ^{[66, 67]} ; Maris, I. C. ^[47] ; Marsella, G. ^{[38, 91]} ; Martello, D. ^{[54, 45]} ; Martinez, H. ^[63] ; Martinez Bravo, O. ^[92] ; Mastrodicasa, M. ^{[23, 29]} ; Mathes, H. J. ^[61] ; Matthews, J. ^[93] ; Matthiae, G. ^{[94, 95]} ; Mayotte, E. ^[25] ; Mazur, P. O. ^[69] ; Medina-Tanco, G. ^[96] ; Melo, D. ^[11] ; Menshikov, A. ^[73] ; Merenda, K-D ^[84] ; Michal, S. ^[48] ; Micheletti, M. I. ^{[77, 78]} ; Miramonti, L. ^{[40, 41]} ; Mollerach, S. ^{[8, 9]} ; Montanet, F. ^[2] ; Morello, C. ^{[5, 6]} ; Mostafa, M. ^[97] ; Mueller, A. L. ^[11] ; Muller, M. A. ^[46] ; Mulrey, K. ^[37] ; Mussa, R. ^[5] ; Muzio, M. ^[72] ; Namasaka, W. M. ^[25] ; Nasr-Esfahani, A. ^[25] ; Nellen, L. ^[96] ; Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M. ^[22] ; Niechciol, M. ^[34] ; Nitz, D. ^[74] ; Nosek, D. ^[98] ; Novotny, V. ^[98] ; Nozka, L. ^[48] ; Nucita, A. ^{[54, 45]} ; Nunez, L. A. ^[99] ; Palatka, M. ^[21] ; Pallotta, J. ^{[100, 101]} ; Papenbreer, P. ^[25] ; Parente, G. ^[12] ; Parra, A. ^[92] ; Pech, M. ^[21] ; Pedreira, F. ^[12] ; Pekala, J. ^[32] ; Pelayo, R. ^[102] ; Pena-Rodriguez, J. ^[99] ; Pereira Martins, E. E. ^{[11, 68]} ; Perez Armand, J. ^[31] ; Perez Bertolli, C. ^{[11, 61]} ; Perlin, M. ^{[11, 61]} ; Perrone, L. ^{[54, 45]} ; Petrera, S. ^{[23, 24]} ; Pierog, T. ^[61] ; Pimenta, M. ^{[3, 4]} ; Pirronello, V. ^{[38, 43]} ; Platino, M. ^[11] ; Pont, B. ^[1] ; Pothast, M. ^{[1, 42]} ; Privitera, P. ^[71] ; Prouza, M. ^[21] ; Puyleart, A. ^[74] ; Querchfeld, S. ^[25] ; Rautenberg, J. ^[25] ; Ravignani, D. ^[11] ; Reininghaus, M. ^{[11, 61]} ; Ridky, J. ^[21] ; Riehn, F. ^{[3, 4]} ; Risse, M. ^[34] ; Rizi, V. ^{[23, 29]} ; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W. ^[31] ; Rodriguez Rojo, J. ^{[18, 19]} ; Roncoroni, M. J. ^[11] ; Roth, M. ^[61] ; Roulet, E. ^{[8, 9]} ; Rovero, A. C. ^[58] ; Ruehl, P. ^[34] ; Saffi, S. J. ^[7] ; Saftoiu, A. ^[22] ; Salamida, F. ^{[23, 29]} ; Salazar, H. ^[92] ; Salina, G. ^[94] ; Sanabria Gomez, J. D. ^[99] ; Sanchez, F. ^[11] ; Santos, E. M. ^[31] ; Santos, E. ^[21] ; Sarazin, F. ^[84] ; Sarmento, R. ^{[3, 4]} ; Sarmiento-Cano, C. ^[11] ; Sato, R. ^{[18, 19]} ; Savina, P. ^{[54, 45, 64]} ; Schaefer, C. M. ^[61] ; Scherini, V. ^[45] ; Schieler, H. ^[61] ; Schimassek, M. ^{[11, 68]} ; Schimp, M. ^[25] ; Schlueter, F. ^{[11, 61]} ; Schmidt, D. ^[68] ; Scholten, O. ^{[103, 37]} ; Schovanek, P. ^[21] ; Schroeder, F. G. ^{[52, 61]} ; Schroeder, S. ^[25] ; Schulte, J. ^[16] ; Sciutto, S. J. ^{[66, 67]} ; Scornavacche, M. ^{[11, 61]} ; Segreto, A. ^{[104, 38]} ; Sehgal, S. ^[25] ; Shellard, R. C. ^[105] ; Sigl, G. ^[90] ; Silli, G. ^{[11, 61]} ; Sima, O. ^{[106, 22]} ; Smida, R. ^[71] ; Sommers, P. ^[97] ; Soriano, J. F. ^[14] ; Souchard, J. ^[2] ; Squartini, R. ^[19] ; Stadelmaier, M. ^{[11, 61]} ; Stanca, D. ^[22] ; Stanic, S. ^[76] ; Stasielak, J. ^[32] ; Stassi, P. ^[2] ; Streich, A. ^{[11, 68]} ; Suarez-Duran, M. ^[99] ; Sudholz, T. ^[7] ; Suomijarvi, T. ^[28] ; Supanitsky, A. D. ^[11] ; Supik, J. ^[48] ; Szadkowski, Z. ^[107] ; Taboada, A. ^[68] ; Tapia, A. ^[108] ; Taricco, C. ^{[5, 13]} ; Timmermans, C. ^{[1, 42]} ; Tkachenko, O. ^[61] ; Tobiska, P. ^[21] ; Todero Peixoto, C. J. ^[44] ; Tome, B. ^{[3, 4]} ; Travaini, A. ^[19] ; Travnicek, P. ^[21] ; Trimarelli, C. ^{[23, 29]} ; Trini, M. ^[76] ; Tueros, M. ^{[66, 67]} ; Ulrich, R. ^[61] ; Unger, M. ^[61] ; Vaclavek, L. ^[48] ; Vacula, M. ^[48] ; Valdes Galicia, J. F. ^[96] ; Valore, L. ^{[15, 51]} ; Varela, E. ^[92] ; Varma K. C, V. ^{[11, 61]} ; Vasquez-Ramirez, A. ^[99] ; Veberic, D. ^[61] ; Ventura, C. ^[62] ; Vergara Quispe, I. D. ^{[66, 67]} ; Verzi, V. ^[94] ; Vicha, J. ^[21] ; Vink, J. ^[109] ; Vorobiov, S. ^[76] ; Wahlberg, H. ^{[66, 67]} ; Watanabe, C. ^[30] ; Watson, A. A. ^[110] ; Weber, M. ^[73] ; Weindl, A. ^[61] ; Wiencke, L. ^[84] ; Wilczynski, H. ^[32] ; Winchen, T. ^[37] ; Wirtz, M. ^[16] ; Wittkowski, D. ^[25] ; Wundheiler, B. ^[11] ; Yushkov, A. ^[21] ; Zapparrata, O. ^[47] ; Zas, E. ^[12] ; Zavrtanik, D. ^{[75, 76]} ; Zavrtanik, M. ^{[75, 76]} ; Zehrer, L. ^[76] ; Zepeda, A. ^[111] ; Collaboration, Pierre Auger

Affiliation:Show less -

^[1] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Nijmegen - Netherlands

^[2] Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Inst Engn, LPSC, IN2P3, Grenoble - France

^[3] Univ Lisbon, Lab Instrumentacao & Fis Expt Particulas LIP, Lisbon - Portugal

^[4] Univ Lisbon, Inst Super Tecn, Lisbon - Portugal

^[5] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Torino, Turin - Italy

^[6] Osservatorio Astrofis Torino INAF, Turin - Italy

^[7] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA - Australia

^[8] UNCuyo, CNEA, CONICET, Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro - Argentina

^[9] UNCuyo, CNEA, CONICET, Inst Balseiro, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro - Argentina

^[10] Univ Tecnol Nacl, Fac Reg Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[11] UNSAM, Inst Tecnol Detecc & Astroparticulas, CNEA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[12] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Inst Galego Fis Altas Enerxias, Santiago De Compostela - Spain

^[13] Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, Turin - Italy

^[14] CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Bronx, NY 10468 - USA

^[15] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, Naples - Italy

^[16] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst A 3, Aachen - Germany

^[17] Univ Michoacana, Morelia, Michoacan - Mexico

^[18] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue - Argentina

^[19] Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargue - Argentina

^[20] Univ Politehn Bucuresti, Bucharest - Romania

^[21] Czech Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Prague - Czech Republic

^[22] Horia Hulubei Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, Bucharest - Romania

^[23] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Laquila - Italy

^[24] Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Laquila - Italy

^[25] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal - Germany

^[26] Univ Nacl San Agustin Arequipa, Fac Ciencias Nat & Formales, Arequipa - Peru

^[27] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Bonn - Germany

^[28] Univ Paris Saclay, CNRS, IJCLab, IN2P3, Orsay - France

^[29] Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Sci Fis & Chim, Laquila - Italy

^[30] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, RJ - Brazil

^[31] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, Sao Paulo, SP - Brazil

^[32] Inst Nucl Phys PAN, Krakow - Poland

^[33] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 - USA

^[34] Univ Siegen, Dept Phys Expt Teilchenphys, Siegen - Germany

^[35] Univ Granada, Granada - Spain

^[36] CAFPE, Granada - Spain

^[37] Vrije Univ Brussels, Brussels - Belgium

^[38] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Catania - Italy

^[39] Univ Autonoma Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas - Mexico

^[40] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan - Italy

^[41] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Milano, Milan - Italy

^[42] Natl Inst Kernfys Hoge Energie Fys, Sci Pk, Amsterdam - Netherlands

^[43] Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Catania - Italy

^[44] Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Engn Lorena, Lorena, SP - Brazil

^[45] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Lecce, Lecce - Italy

^[46] Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[47] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels - Belgium

^[48] Palacky Univ, RCPTM, Olomouc - Czech Republic

^[49] UNSAM, CONICET, CNEA, Inst Tecnol Detecc & Astroparticulas, Mendoza - Argentina

^[50] Univ Tecnol Nacl, Fac Reg Mendoza, CNEA, CONICET, Mendoza - Argentina

^[51] Univ Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento Fis Ettore Pancini, Naples - Italy

^[52] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 - USA

^[53] Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Sci &Tecnol Aerosp, Milan - Italy

^[54] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis E De Giorgi, Lecce - Italy

^[55] Univ Fed Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ - Brazil

^[56] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 - USA

^[57] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Fis, FCEyN, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[58] UBA, CONICET, Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[59] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[60] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, FCEyN, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[61] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Astroparticle Phys, Karlsruhe - Germany

^[62] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Observatorio Valongo, Rio De Janeiro, RJ - Brazil

^[63] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP - Brazil

^[64] Univ Paris Saclay, CNRS, IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay - France

^[65] Univ Fed Parana, Setor Palotina, Palotina - Brazil

^[66] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata - Argentina

^[67] Univ Nacl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata - Argentina

^[68] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Expt Particle Phys, Karlsruhe - Germany

^[69] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 - USA

^[70] Stichting Astron Onderzoek Nederland ASTRON, Dwingeloo - Netherlands

^[71] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 - USA

^[72] NYU, New York, NY - USA

^[73] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, Karlsruhe - Germany

^[74] Michigan Technol Univ, Houghton, MI 49931 - USA

^[75] J Stefan Inst, Expt Particle Phys Dept, Ljubljana - Slovenia

^[76] Univ Nova Gorica, Ctr Astrophys & Cosmol CAC, Nova Gorica - Slovenia

^[77] UNR, CONICET, Inst Fis Rosario IFIR, Rosario - Argentina

^[78] UNR, Fac Ciencias Bioquim & Farmaceut, Rosario - Argentina

^[79] Kyoto Univ, Hakubi Ctr Adv Res, Kyoto - Japan

^[80] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Kyoto - Japan

^[81] Univ Lodz, Fac Astrophys, Lodz - Poland

^[82] Univ Estadual Feira de Santana, Feira De Santana, BA - Brazil

^[83] Inst Space Sci, Bucharest - Romania

^[84] Colorado Sch Mines, Golden, CO 80401 - USA

^[85] Ctr Fed Educ Tecnol Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Nova Friburgo - Brazil

^[86] Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, SP - Brazil

^[87] Univ Paris, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Phys Nucl & Hautes Energies LPNHE, Sorbonne Un, Paris - France

^[88] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Phys, Madison, WI - USA

^[89] Univ Wisconsin Madison, WIPAC, Madison, WI - USA

^[90] Univ Hamburg, Inst Theoret Phys 2, Hamburg - Germany

^[91] Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Fis & Chim E Segre, Palermo - Italy

^[92] Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Puebla - Mexico

^[93] Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 - USA

^[94] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Rome - Italy

^[95] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, Rome - Italy

^[96] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City, DF - Mexico

^[97] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 - USA

^[98] Charles Univ Prague, Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, Fac Math & Phys, Prague - Czech Republic

^[99] Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga - Colombia

^[100] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Villa Martelli - Argentina

^[101] CITEDEF, Ctr Invest Laseres & Aplicac, Villa Martelli - Argentina

^[102] Inst Politecn Nacl, Unidad Profes Interdisciplinaria Ingn & Tecnol Av, Mexico City, DF - Mexico

^[103] Univ Groningen, KVI Ctr Adv Radiat Technol, Groningen - Netherlands

^[104] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Palermo INAF, Palermo - Italy

^[105] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, RJ - Brazil

^[106] Univ Bucharest, Dept Phys, Bucharest - Romania

^[107] Univ Lodz, Fac High Energy Astrophys, Lodz - Poland

^[108] Univ Medellin, Medellin - Colombia

^[109] Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, Amsterdam - Netherlands

^[110] Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds, W Yorkshire - England

^[111] IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City, DF - Mexico

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: Journal of Instrumentation; v. 16, n. 7 JUL 2021.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

The atmospheric depth of the air shower maximum X-max is an observable commonly used for the determination of the nuclear mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Direct measurements of X-max are performed using observations of the longitudinal shower development with fluorescence telescopes. At the same time, several methods have been proposed for an indirect estimation of X-max from the characteristics of the shower particles registered with surface detector arrays. In this paper, we present a deep neural network (DNN) for the estimation of X-max The reconstruction relies on the signals induced by shower particles in the ground based water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The network architecture features recurrent long short-term memory layers to process the temporal structure of signals and hexagonal convolutions to exploit the symmetry of the surface detector array. We evaluate the performance of the network using air showers simulated with three different hadronic interaction models. Thereafter, we account for long-term detector effects and calibrate the reconstructed X-max using fluorescence measurements. Finally, we show that the event-by-event resolution in the reconstruction of the shower maximum improves with increasing shower energy and reaches less than 25 g/cm(2) at energies above 2x10(19) eV. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 99/05404-3 - Pierre Auger Observatory
• Grantee: Carlos Ourivio Escobar
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 19/10151-2 - Study of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory upgrade AugerPrime
• Grantee: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato
• Support Opportunities: Special Projects
• FAPESP's process: 10/07359-6 - Study of cosmic rays of highest energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Grantee: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants