Nanophotosensitizers for cancer therapy: a promising technology?

Author(s)

dos Santos, Ancely Ferreira ; Arini, Gabriel S. ; de Almeida, Daria Raquel Queiroz ; Labriola, Leticia

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-MATERIALS; v. 4, n. 3, p. 18-pg., 2021-07-01.

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been clinically applied to cure various diseases including cancer. Indeed, photophrin (porfimer sodium, Axcan Pharma, Montreal, Canada), a heterogenous mixture of porphyrins, was the first photosensitizer (PS) approved for the treatment of human bladder cancer in 1993 in Canada. Over the past 10 years the use of PDT in the treatment of benign and malignant lesions has increased dramatically. However, PDT is still considered as an adjuvant strategy due to its limitations, primarily including low tissue penetration by light and inaccurate lesion selectivity by the PSs. To overcome this scenario, new technologies and approaches including nanotechnology have been incorporated into the concept of PS formulations as PS delivery systems, as PSs per se or as energy transducers. The ideal nanophotosensitizer (NPS) for cancer therapy should possess the following characteristics: biocompatibility and biodegradability without toxicity, stability in physiological conditions, tumor specific targeting, strong near infrared absorption for efficient and sufficient light absorbance and large singlet oxygen quantum yield for PDT. To fulfill these requirements, several nanoscale delivery platforms and materials have been developed. In this review we will focus on the state of the art of nanotechnology contributions to the optimization of PDT as a therapeutic alternative to fight against cancer. For this purpose we will start from the basic concepts of PDT, discuss the versatility in terms of NPS formulations and how to tackle the deficiencies of the current therapy. We also give our critical view and suggest recommendations for improving future research on this area. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 16/04676-7 - Photodynamic therapy to treat breast cancer: proof of concept pre-clinical studies
• Grantee: Ancély Ferreira dos Santos
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 17/03618-6 - Unveiling HSPB1's role in prolactin-induced modulation of the unfolded protein response in type 1 Diabetes models
• Grantee: Leticia Labriola
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 19/09517-2 - Evaluation of the relationship between energy fluence variation and cell death pathways induced by photodynamic therapy with methylene blue in breast tumors
• Grantee: Gabriel Santos Arini
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation