| Full text | |
| Author(s): |
Premathilake, Dilshan Sandaruwan
;
Ambaye, Teklit Gebregiorgis
;
Botelho Jr, Amilton Barbosa
;
Lima, Ana Teresa Macas
;
Espinosa, Denise Crocce Romano
;
Vaccari, Mentore
Total Authors: 6
|
| Document type: | Journal article |
| Source: | SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION; v. 51, p. 18-pg., 2024-10-03. |
| Abstract | |
The growing demand for electric vehicles has led to a growing concern for battery recycling, particularly for critical raw materials. However, there is insufficient investigation into the environmental and economic impacts of hydrometallurgical recycling methods. In this study we explored emerging hydrometallurgical technologies in economic and environmental perspective to establish conceptual routes to recover Co, Ni and Mn oxides from waste LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries. After, life cycle assessment and costing techniques were utilized to compare the environmental and economical performances of each conceptual route. Recovery efficiency of metal oxides through each route was also considered as a key factor. Results suggested that deep eutectic solvent-based leaching produces the highest impact under many impact categories while electrolysis-based leaching showed the least. Under purification technologies assessed, ion-exchange based purification showed significantly lower impact under many categories except stratospheric ozone depletion. Solvent based purification has been identified as the worst technology for purification. Hydroxide based calcination has been identified as the most environmentally sustainable calcination method compared to oxalate calcination. The route consists with inorganic leaching, ion-exchange based purification and hydroxide calcination showed the lowest environmental impact (emission effect at 33.8 kg CO2 eq), with lower economic impact ($ 119) and the highest recovery efficiency (78 %) per 1 kg of cathode active materials. However, using electrolysis-based leaching can slightly increase the impacts with lower recovery efficiency (75 %) and better economic performance ($104/kg of cathode active materials). Terrestrial ecotoxicity was identified to be the most affected impact category for the recovery processes. It is recommended that technologies like deep eutectic solvent-based leaching, solvent extraction and environmentally sustainable technologies like supercritical fluid extraction need further studies prior to industrial applications. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 21/14842-0 - Elucidation of the organometallic complexation mechanism between organic extractants and rare earth elements |
| Grantee: | Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral |
| FAPESP's process: | 20/00493-0 - Sustainable mining: recovery of critical raw materials from batteries using environmentally friendly technologies |
| Grantee: | Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório |
| Support Opportunities: | Regular Research Grants |
| FAPESP's process: | 19/11866-5 - Development of innovative processes for the recovery of critical metals |
| Grantee: | Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa |
| Support Opportunities: | Research Projects - Thematic Grants |
| FAPESP's process: | 23/01032-5 - Separation of critical metals through supported liquid membrane: evaluation of synergistic interaction between organophosphorus and membranes |
| Grantee: | Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships abroad - Research Internship - Post-doctor |