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| Author(s): |
Maria Nathália de Carvalho Magalhães Moraes
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB) |
| Defense date: | 2014-12-17 |
| Examining board members: |
Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci;
Jose Cipolla Neto;
Pedro Augusto Carlos Magno Fernandes;
Fernando Ribeiro Gomes;
Robert Schumacher
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| Advisor: | Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci |
| Abstract | |
Light-dark cycles (LD) are considered important cues to entrain biological clocks. Positive and negative feedback loops of clock gene transcription and translation are the molecular basis underlying the mechanism of both central and peripheral clocks. The non-visual opsin, melanopsin (Opn4), expressed in the mammalian retina, is considered a circadian photopigment because it is responsible of entraining the endogenous biological clock. This photopigment is also present in the melanophores of Xenopus laevis, where it was first described, but its role in these cells is not fully understood. Non-mammalian vertebrate species express two or more melanopsins, and in X. laevis there are two melanopsin genes, Opn4m and Opn4x. X. laevis melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, the maximal response being achieved at the wavelength of melanopsin maximal excitation. Among various hormones, endothelins also disperse melanosomes in Xenopus melanophores through a similar pathway as light does. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether light and endothelin modulate clock gene expression in Xenopus melanophores, using quantitative PCR to evaluate the relative mRNA levels of Per1, Per2, Clock and Bmal1. LD cycles elicited temporal changes in the expression of Per1, Per2 and Bmal1. A 10 min pulse of blue light increased the expression of Per1 and Per2, decreased Opn4x expression, but had no effect on Opn4m. In addition, a different localization was shown for each melanopsin: immunoreactivity for OPN4x was mainly seen in the cell membrane, whereas OPN4m was immunolocalized in the nucleus. These results taken together point to a differential role for each melanopsin in this model. Melanosome translocation was greater when a blue light pulse was applied in the presence of endothelin ET-3. And mRNA levels of Clock exhibited temporal variation in melanophores under LD cycles after 10-9 M ET-3 treatment, whereas Per1 expression was not affected by the hormone treatment. In addition, pharmacological assays indicated that Per1 and Per2 responses to blue light are evoked through the activation of the phosphoinositide pathway, which crosstalks with cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) to activate the clock genes. These data suggest the participation of melanopsin in the photo-activation of clock genes and point to a minor role of endothelin as synchronizer for this cell line. Our results add an important contribution to the emerging field of peripheral clocks, which in non-mammalian species have been mostly studied in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio. Within this context, we show that Xenopus laevis melanophores represent an ideal model to understanding circadian rhythms modulation by light and hormone (AU) | |