Plasma levels of corticosterone, testosterone and immunocompetence in Bufonids

Author(s)

Vania Regina de Assis

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2015-08-20

Examining board members

Fernando Ribeiro Gomes; Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci; Ariovaldo Pereira da Cruz Neto; Pedro Augusto Carlos Magno Fernandes; Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes

• Advisor: Fernando Ribeiro Gomes

Abstract

Glucocorticoids modulate the immune response in complex ways in vertebrates exposed to different stressors. Given that natural populations have been exposed to a multitude of stressors, a better understanding of the functional association between duration and intensity of the stress response, the resulting changes in steroid hormone levels and their impact on different aspects of immunocompetence emerges as a cornerstone for vertebrate conservation strategies. We investigated the relationships between steroids levels and innate immunocompetence in anuran amphibians, incorporating the methodology of restraint challenge, experimental elevation of corticosterone levels by transdermal application, bacterial killing ability by spectrophotometry and the immune challenge with phytohemagglutinin. Our results demonstrate that the bacterial killing ability (BKA) measured by spectrophotometry is a reliable and accurate method to estimate the immunocompetence of anuran amphibians, additionally showed the existence of a large interspecific diversity in BKA from male anurans. When four different species of Bufonids were submitted to a restraint challenge, the general responses included increased in corticosterone plasma levels (CORT) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N:L) and decreased in testosterone plasma levels (T). The responses of BKA to restraint were much more variable, with R. icterica showing decreased and R. marina showing increased values. Additionally, CORT and N:L tended to increase more in response to restraint with movement restriction than to restraint without movement restriction, indicating that toads showed an increased stress response to the more intense stressor. All variables studied show interspecific variation. Rhinella ornate showed higher baseline CORT when compared to other species, while R. ornate and R. icterica showed the highest baseline BKA values. However, changes in N:L ratio, T levels and BKA, were not correlated to increased CORT within or between species. Transdermal application of corticosterone efficiently mimics repeated acute stress response events in Rhinella icterica, without changing the immune parameters even after thirteen days of treatment. Interestingly, long-term captivity did not mitigate the stress response, since the toads maintained three fold increased CORT even after three months under these conditions. Moreover, long-term captivity in the same condition increased total leukocyte count (TLC) and generated an even greater decrease in BKA, suggesting that consequences of the stress response can be aggravated by time in captivity. Based on our results, we consider that a careful evaluation is necessary in order to understand the modulation of the immune response by stress at intra and interspecific levels. The inclusion of different segments of the immune response is desirable, and a standardized data collection for all the species under the same period (e.g. inside or outside of breeding season) and same activity (e.g. calling or foraging) is mandatory (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/10560-8 - Plasma leves of corticosterone, testosterone and immunocompetence in Bufonids.
• Grantee: Vania Regina de Assis
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate