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| Author(s): |
Taís Maria de Nazareth Gonçalves
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB) |
| Defense date: | 2015-12-07 |
| Examining board members: |
Glauco Machado;
Monica Frank Kersch Becker;
Nicolas Gerard Chaline;
Alberto Jose Arab Olavarrieta;
Andrés González Ritzel
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| Advisor: | Glauco Machado |
| Abstract | |
The forms of animal defenses found in nature are incredibly diverse and comprise many strategies that minimize the changes of a prey being detected or attacked by a predator. The emission of chemical secretions is a widespread defense among arthropods, and several studies have already demonstrated the efficiency of chemical defenses against predation. Although chemical defenses confer obvious survival benefits, the production of deterrent compounds may be costly for the individuals. The main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the costs of producing chemical defenses in a particular arthropod group, the harvestmen. In chapter 1 we investigated how egg production may compromise the production of chemical defenses (benzoquinones) by females of Acutisoma longipes, and whether a reduction in the amount of secretions released by ovigerous females make then more vulnerable to predation. Our results indicate that ovigerous females produce almost 50% less secretion than non-ovigerous females. Moreover, the low amount of secretion released by ovigerous females is less efficient than the amount released by non−ovigerous females in deterring ants and spiders. In chapter 2 we investigated how the quantity and quality of food influence the production of chemical defenses (benzoquinones) in Magnispina neptunus. We demonstrate that the production of chemical defenses is clearly condition dependent because well fed individuals produced more secretion than poorly fed individuals. However, individuals that received in the diet an input of the benzoquinones\' precursor did not show an increase in the amount and concentration of secretion released. Finally, in chapter 3 we investigated possible trade-offs between mating effort (i.e., investment in weaponry) and somatic effort (i.e., investment in chemical secretions) in males and females of several harvestman species belonging to the family Gonyleptidae. Using a comparative approach, we showed that females consistently produce more secretion than males, but there is no negative relationship between morphological sexual dimorphism and sexual dimorphism in the amount of secretion released by males and females. Taken together, our findings indicate that the production of chemical defenses in harvestmen is costly and is under allocation trade-offs with other fitness components. (AU) | |