Shedding light on interactions and reactions leading to photoinduced membrane permeabilization

Author(s)

Isabel de Oliveira Lima Bacellar

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ)
• Defense date: 2017-08-28

Examining board members

Mauricio da Silva Baptista; Daniel Rodrigues Cardoso; Iolanda Midea Cuccovia; Frank Herbert Quina; Karin do Amaral Riske

• Advisor: Mauricio da Silva Baptista

Abstract

Oxidation of lipid membranes can be beneficial (e.g., cell signaling) or detrimental, with membrane permeabilization representing one of its cytotoxic outcomes. Photoinduced membrane permeabilization is key to the mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT), a clinical modality in which photosensitizers, light and oxygen are combined to oxidize biomolecules and consequently damage diseased cells. In this work, we aimed to understand at the molecular level which factors lead to photoinduced membrane permeabilization. We emphasized the roles of oxygen, membrane status and specific reactions of the photosensitizer in contact with the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to assess oxygen distribution in membranes as a function of temperature within membranes in gel or liquid phases. Special fitting procedures of singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics were devised to allow the calculation of triplet excited state lifetimes compatible with variable oxygen distributions in membranes. We characterized a fluorogenic α-tocopherol probe as a singlet oxygen trapping molecule in experiments with liposomes, and were able to qualitatively compare the amount of singlet oxygen molecules reaching the membrane after being generated by water soluble or membrane bound photosensitizers. Experiments performed in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) allowed us to compare the activation of the probe with the observed membrane surface area increase and estimate the reaction rate of singlet oxygen with unsaturated lipids to be 6 x 104 M-1 s-1. We then narrowed our focus to photoinduced membrane permeabilization, initially characterizing four phenothiazinium photosensitizers with respect to their interactions with membranes and their capability to promote leakage of a fluorescent probe. Photosensitizers that bound to membranes to a larger extent (and not the most efficient singlet oxygen generators) were the most efficient ones to damage liposomal membranes. Membrane binding also affected triplet excited state deactivation pathways. From this study, we selected the hydrophilic photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) and the more hydrophobic photosensitizer DO15 for subsequent investigations. We characterized the effects of both photosensitizers in GUVs and observed that the kinetics of membrane permeabilization implied different rates of generation of pore-forming lipids for MB and DO15, which should depend on specific interactions with membranes. To further understand the role of photosensitizer/membrane interactions, we characterized the oxidized lipids formed by both photosensitizers in a condition in which the membrane permeabilization efficiency of DO15 was 70 times higher than that of MB. We observed mainly formation of lipid hydroperoxides by MB, while DO15 not only led to these same products, but also to alcohols, ketones and phospholipid truncated aldehydes, the latter being related to conditions in which membrane permeabilization was observed. Although aldehydes were already known to increase membrane permeability, this phenomenon had never before been demonstrated for aldehyde formation in situ. Lipid photooxidation was accompanied by increased photobleaching of DO15 and by formation of lipid oxygenated radicals, indicating the occurrence of direct reactions between lipids and photosensitizers. A roadmap of the factors leading to photoinduced membrane permeabilization focusing on molecular interactions and reactions is the major achievement of this work. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 13/11640-0 - Relationship between the photoinduced damage in lipids and membrane permeabilization
• Grantee: Isabel de Oliveira Lima Bacellar
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)