Cyanobacterial diversity in the phyllosphere of the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state

Author(s)

Natalia Juliana Nardelli Gonçalves

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Piracicaba.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC)
• Defense date: 2011-07-01

Examining board members

Marli de Fatima Fiore; Luis Henrique Zanini Branco; Simone Aparecida Vieira

• Advisor: Marli de Fatima Fiore

Abstract

The Brazilian Atlantic rainforest currently is reduced to small forest fragments protected in conservation units, representing only 7.6% of its original area. The Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP) located in São Paulo state is the largest fully protected area of this biome in the Brazilian coast. The plant leaf surface (phyllosphere) offer a large habitat area for microorganisms but constitute rather an extreme environment. The development of microbial communities is dependent of carbon source and certain essential inorganic nutrients commonly released from the plant to its surface. However, a special group of bacteria, Cyanobacteria, is less dependent of the plant for their nutrition since these organisms are autotrophic for carbon and nitrogen. Therefore, cyanobacteria are particularly interesting to be evaluated in this environment. In this study, the cyanobacteria community colonizing phyllospheres in a protected conservation area of the ombrophilous dense rainforest of SMSP was assessed using cultivation-independent molecular approaches. Cyanobacteria genomic DNA were extracted from surface leaves of the Euterpe edulis and Guapira opposita trees of two locations inside of the Park, i.e., Picinguaba nucleus close to the sea level and Santa Virginia nucleus at 800 meters of altitude. Also, surface leaves of Garcinia gardneriana found only in the Picinguaba nucleus and Merostachys neesii found only in Santa Virginia nucleus were evaluated. The analyses of cyanobacterial community structure by PCR-DGGE showed that colonization is dependent of the plant species and independent of plants locations. The analysis of composition of cyanobacterial community in the surface leaves based on16S rRNA clones libraries revealed that among a total of 980 clones obtained, 22% of them belonged to 10 known genera. About 78% of the remaining clones were uncultured cyanobacteria phylotypes. The 16S rRNA clone libraries coverage ranged from 70 to 85%, and the rarefaction curves (at 5% evolutionary distance) indicated a good support for these data. After sequences alignment, 384 OTUs were generated, with 257 OTUs of them being unique sequences, suggesting that the phyllospheres evaluated have high richness and diversity. Comparison of cyanobacterial community among the phyllospheres (b-diversity) using statistical -libshuff tool, showed that these environments harbor distinct taxa in their phylloplane, in agreement to PCRDGGE data. A predominance of 16S rRNA sequences of the orders Nostocales and Synechococcales was observed within the known cyanobacteria. Among those, a high number of sequences related with genera capable to fix N2 were found. The species G. opposita and E. edulis located in Santa Virginia and E. edulis in Picinguaba showed high levels of Simpson diversity index (0.01), while M. neesii had the highest ACE richness index (405.1 ± 139.24). The cyanobacterial quantification using real time PCR also showed that M. neesii is the plant species with the highest number of copies of 16S rRNA per cm2 of leaf. The results of this study showed that phyllosphere cyanobacteria in this rainforest ecosystem are influenced by plant species and a high number of taxa remaining to be described. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 09/12192-6 - Cyanobacterial diversity in the phyllosphere plants from the São Paulo State Atlantic Forest
• Grantee: Natalia Juliana Nardelli Gonçalves
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master