Full text
| |
| Author(s): |
Elisabete Alves Pereira
Total Authors: 1
|
| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2002-05-07 |
| Examining board members: |
Marina Franco Maggi Tavares;
Emanuel Carrilho;
Nina Coichev;
Rosana Colombara;
Claudimir Lucio do Lago
|
| Advisor: | Marina Franco Maggi Tavares |
| Abstract | |
After the hydrocarbons, the low molecular-weight aldehydes are the most abundant of the organic gases of the atmosphere. The aldehydes are produced from many sources such as industrial activities, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass or as result of photochemical reactions. Aldehydes are important precursor compounds of photochemical smog and their chemistry has been associated to the generation of harmful oxidants, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and ozone. Aldehydes are recognized irritants of the eyes and respiratory tracts of animais and humans and often carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics are attributed to them. Because of the toxicological and environmental importance of these compounds, prevention and control of aldehydes have demanded new and versatile analytical methodologies. In this context, capillary electrophoresis has become an interesting alternative technique for environmental analysis. This work describes different CE methodologies developed for the separation and analysis of aldehydes in environmental samples of air (indoors and outdoors) and vehicle exhaust. The methodologies comprise the free solution capillary electrophoresis separation of anionic bissulfite-aldehyde adducts, anionic aldehyde-DNSH derivatives and anionic aldehyde-HBA derivatives as well as the micellar chromatographic separation of aldehyde-DNPH derivatives and aldehyde-MBTH derivatives. These methodologies were contrasted in terms of sensitivity, Iimit of detection, sampling procedure, need for reagent purification and application to air samples. The bissulfite methodology is a novel approach with several advantages over established methods in the literature, such as good sensitivity (range from 3.4 to 36.9 ng mL-1), very easy to implement, speed of analysis and lack of sample manipulation, but it requires long collection volume of air to achieve ng mL-1 detection level. The aldehyde-DNFH derivatives methodology presented poor sensitivity (range from 0.14 to 2.59 µg mL-1). The reagents and solvents must be purified to avoid contamination which will completely interfere with the sample components during analysis. However, the preconcentration achieved during sampling allowed to evaluate aldehyde levels in air samples. Using the MBTH methodology it was possible to obtain a limit of detection range from 3.1 to 21.1 ng mL-1, fast analysis and very little sample manipulation. There is not need for purification of the reagent since it is obtained in grade purity. The main problem with this reaction is that as the length of the aldehyde chain increases, the sensitivity decreases. The aldehyde-DNSH derivatives method presented good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.1 to 14.1 ng mL-1 (UV detection) and 0.96 to 2.6 ng mL-1 (LIF detection). The reagent shows substantial oxidation when the sample is not prepared in acetonitrile or other organic solvent. The aldehyde-HBA derivatives method showed good sensitivity with a limit of detection range from 2.7 to 8.8 ng mL-1, it is fast and simple. However, the solvents must be purified and the derivatives shows substantial degradation in presence of water and light. The developed methodologies were then applied to real samples of indoor, outdoor and automobile emissions. The presence of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in indoor and outdoor samples was verified at the low ppbv level and the presence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in automobile samples, was at the ppmv level. (AU) | |