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Heart rate recovery after exercise: regulatory mechanisms in normotensives and hypertensives

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Author(s):
Tiago Peçanha de Oliveira
Total Authors: 1
Document type: Doctoral Thesis
Press: São Paulo.
Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Educação Física e Esportes (EEFE/BT)
Defense date:
Examining board members:
Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes Forjaz; Patricia Chakur Brum; Kátia de Angelis Lobo D'Avila; Maria Urbana Pinto Brandão Rondon; Ivani Credidio Trombetta
Advisor: Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes Forjaz; David Andrew Low
Abstract

Post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is determined by vagal reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal. These responses are regulated by the integrated action of several cardiovascular control mechanisms, such as central command, muscle mechanoreflex, muscle metaboreflex and thermoregulation. The reduction in HRR occurs in hypertension, which indicates the presence of autonomic dysfunction and suggests impairments of the cardiovascular control mechanisms that need to be studied. Thus, this thesis assessed and compared the influence of the cardiovascular control mechanisms on HRR and its autonomic regulation in normotensives (NT) and never-treated hypertensives (HT). For this purpose, 23 HT (45±8 years; 142±8/96±3 mmHg) and 25 NT (43±8 years; 114±4/77±2 mmHg) men performed, in a random order, 5 experimental sessions composed by: pre-exercise period, 30 min of cycle ergometer exercise (70% VO2peak) and 5 min of recovery. The recovery was different between the sessions, as follow: a) inactive recovery (IR) - absence of movement; b) active recovery (AR) - maintenance of movement by the own voluntary; c) passive recovery (PR) - maintenance of movement by an external force; d) occlusion recovery (OR) - absence of movement and total circulatory occlusion of hips\' circulation; and e) cooling recovery (CR) - absence of movement and cooling using a fan. Electrocardiographic activity, respiration and blood pressure were continuously registered. HRR was assessed by the calculation of the following indices: a) HRR30s, HRR60s and HRR300s: i.e. heart rate reduction after 30s, 60s and 300s of recovery; b) short-term time-constant of HRR (T30); and c) long-term time-constant of HRR (HRRt). The comparison of HRR between AR and PR allowed the assessment of the central command influence on HRR. HRR was slower in AR in comparison with PR (HRR30s = 11±6 vs. 13±7 bpm, p<0.01), and there were no difference between the groups in this response. The comparison of HRR between PR and IR allowed the assessment of the mechanoreflex influence on HRR. HRR was slower in PR in comparison with IR (T30 = 351±167 vs. 267±128 s, p<0.01), and this effect was greater in the HT (+160±154 vs. +32±147 s, p=0.03). The comparison of HRR between OR and IR allowed the assessment of the metaboreflex influence on HRR. HRR was slower in OR in comparison with IR (HRR300s = 25±14 vs. 37±10 bpm, p<0.01), and this effect was greater in the HT (-16±11 vs. -8±15 bpm, p=0,05). Finally, the comparison of HRR between IR and CR allowed the assessment of the thermoregulation influence on HRR. HRR was accelerated in CR in comparison with IR (HRR300s = 39±12 vs. 37±10 bpm, p<0.01), and there were no difference between the groups in this response. In conclusion: HRR is influenced by the action of central command, muscle mechanoreflex, muscle metaboreflex and thermoregulation. In addition, the reduction in HRR in hypertension is, at least in part, related to a greater sensitivity of the muscle mechanoreflex and metaboreflex (AU)

FAPESP's process: 13/05519-4 - Heart rate recovery after exercise: regulatory mechanisms in normotensives and hypertensives
Grantee:Tiago Peçanha de Oliveira
Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate