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| Author(s): |
Poliana Deyse Gurak
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Campinas, SP. |
| Institution: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos |
| Defense date: | 2011-07-12 |
| Examining board members: |
Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante;
Adelia Ferreira de Faria Machado;
Lilian Regina Barros Mariutti;
Veridiana Vera de Rosso;
Neura Bragagnolo
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| Advisor: | Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante |
| Abstract | |
Many processes in the food industry aplly high temperatures and allow the contact with pro-oxidant substances, such conditions in which the sequence of conjugated double bonds, present in carotenoids, is susceptible to geometric isomerization, oxidation and degradation. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to study the thermal and chemical degradation of b-carotene, identifying the primary degradation compounds and its relation with the antioxidant capacity and colour properties. The experiments were: a) heating at 120 °C with air exposure; b) heating at 120 °C under flow of pure oxygen; c) heating at 120 °C with air exposure and addition of propyl gallate; d) heating at 150 °C with air exposure; e) heating at 150 °C under flow of pure oxygen; f) heating at 150 °C under a flow of pure nitrogen; g) oxidative cleavage with potassium permanganate (KMnO4); and h) epoxidation with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA). In all experiments, the degradation and formation of isomerization and oxidation products were monitored by analysis of total carotenoids by spectrophotometer, colour evaluation by colorimetry and carotenoid profile analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). Changes in the antioxidant capacity were monitored by the scavenging capacity against the ABTS¿+ (2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), and protection against singlet oxygen (1O2) using 9,10-dimethyl-anthracene as actinometer and methylene blue as sensitizer. A total of sixteen carotenoids were identified in both the chemical and thermal degradation of b-carotene. Heating caused a decrease in the all-trans-b-carotene content with the formation of cis isomers (13-cis, 9-cis, 15-cis, 9,13-di-cis, 9,15-di-cis, 9,13¿-di-cis, 13,15-di-cis-b-carotene), epoxides (5,6 and 5,8-epoxy-b-carotene) and apocarotenoids (b-apo-8'-carotenal, b-apo-10'-carotenal, b-apo-12'-carotenal). The chemical degradation with KMnO4 completely degraded the all-trans-b-carotene in 30 minutes of reaction, with the formation of b-apo-8'-carotenal, b-apo-10'-carotenal, b-apo-12'-carotenal, b-apo-15-carotenal and semi-b-carotenone. In the reaction with MCPBA, all-trans-b-carotene was not completely degraded and the major products were 5,6-epoxy-b-carotene, 5,6:5¿,6¿-diepoxy-b-carotene, 5,6:5¿,8¿-diepoxy-b-carotene and 5,8-epoxy-b-carotene, with small amounts of 13-cis-b-carotene and 9-cis-b-carotene. All experiments showed correlations above 0.91 between some physical colour parameters (b* and C*ab) and chemical parameters (content of total carotenoids), indicating that some colour parameters can be used to monitor carotenoid degradation. The proposed mechanism in both types of degradation (thermal and chemical) involved reversible and irreversible reactions, to the formation of isomerization and oxidation compounds, respectively. The analysis of the antioxidant capacity showed that both pure b-carotene and the mixture of b-carotene with thermal degradation products had similar values of TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), as well as similar protection percentage against 1O2. On the other hand, the products formed in the chemical reaction with KMnO4 resulted in increase in both the TEAC values and protection against 1O2 with the increase in reaction time (AU) | |