Early prenatal lipopolysaccharide as a rat model of autism and striatal dopaminergic impairments

Author(s)

Thiago Berti Kirsten

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/SBD)
• Defense date: 2012-08-16

Examining board members

Maria Martha Bernardi; Daniel Wagner Hamada Cohn; Luciano Freitas Felicio; João Palermo Neto; Elizabeth Teodorov

• Advisor: Maria Martha Bernardi

Abstract

One child in about 150 children has autism spectrum disorder. Despite strong evidence of genetic factors and recent findings of environmental interferences, particularly maternal immune activation during pregnancy, autism etiology is still unknown. In our previous study, we exposed Wistar rats in the beginning of the gestation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], on gestational day [GD] 9.5), which mimics a bacterial infection and observed impairments in the play behavior of male offspring. Knowing that play behavior is classically used to evaluate autism animal models and the link between autism and environmental factors, we proposed that our model would be an autism animal model. To evaluate this possibility, the aim of this study was to know whether our prenatal LPS model (100 µg/kg, i.p., on GD 9.5) causes other autism typical symptoms: communication abnormalities (evaluated by the ultrasonic vocalization test), repetitive behavior and cognitive inflexibility (T-maze spontaneous alternation test), absence of fear demonstration in potentially dangerous situations (aversive exposure to cat odor test) and hyperactivity (open field general activity). Because some autistic patients presents high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol as well as neuroinflammation, we quantified IL-1β, TNF-α and corticosterone serum levels, and studied astrocytes and microglia of striatum and olfactory bulb. Another objective was to study the central mechanisms associated with prenatal LPS, particularly the dopaminergic system (gene and protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D1a and D2 receptors) of striatum and olfactory bulb, based on our previous findings of reduced dopamine in these brain regions. We also evaluated the corticosterone serum levels, the reproductive performance and the placental tissue of mothers exposed to LPS during pregnancy. Finally, because autism is more prevalent in men than in women, we also evaluated females prenatally exposed to LPS: play behavior, social interaction and adult corticosterone serum levels. Prenatal LPS exposure impaired communication, cognition, fear demonstration of potentially dangerous situations, induced repetitive/restricted behaviors and elevated IL-1β levels of male offspring; females did not present the impairments observed in males. These findings strongly suggest that our model of prenatal LPS induced autism like behaviors in rats, corroborating the hypothesis of environmental factors in autism. It adds an unprecedented way a model that mimics a bacterial infection in early pregnancy as an inducer of autism. Moreover, the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression reduction caused by prenatal LPS includes hypoactivity of the striatal dopaminergic system as a possible aspect to explain autism. The increase in the corticosterone levels, impairment of reproductive performance and placental tissue injuries of dams helped in understanding the genesis of the offspring impairments. The importance of establishing an experimental model of autism with prenatal LPS is an extra step to better understand this disorder and may also help in the search for possible treatments, based on the observed neuroimmune changes. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 08/53861-5 - Behavioral, immune and molecular effects of prenatal administration of lipopolysaccharide to male offspring of rats
• Grantee: Thiago Berti Kirsten
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate