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| Author(s): |
André Murilo Magro Freddi
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Master's Dissertation |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB) |
| Defense date: | 2012-04-16 |
| Examining board members: |
Cristina Yumi Miyaki;
João Miguel de Barros Alexandrino;
Maria Cristina Arias
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| Advisor: | Cristina Yumi Miyaki |
| Abstract | |
Family Psittacidae includes 332 species of parrots and all Neotropical taxa form a monophyletic group (tribe Arini), among those, is the parakeet genus Aratinga. This genus has an unresolved systematics, with few morphological studies and some molecular phylogenies suggest that it is not monophyletic. However, these phylogenies did not include a representative sample of species of the genus. To better understand the evolutionary history of genus Aratinga, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis that included 21 of 22 species of the genus, the monospecific taxon Nadayus nenday that is closely related to some Aratinga species, plus various taxa from tribe Arini. We sequenced five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, NADH2, COIII) and one nuclear (RAG-1) genes. The phylogenies were reconstructed based on maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference. Relaxed molecular clock estimates were conducted under a Bayesian analysis for inferring the divergence times of the phylogeny and to study the biogeographic history of these species. The phylogenies recovered by both methods were highly congruent and support the absence of monophyly for genus Aratinga. The majority of the species from the genus Aratinga was placed in three highly supported clades that did not group in a monophyletic clade. These three clades match previously suggested groups based on morphological characters. Nandayus nenday was included in one of these clades, that is closely related to a clade that contains four other Arini genera. The only species that was not included in any of these clades was Aratinga acuticaudata, that seems to be more closely related to the genera Diopsittaca and Guarouba with high support values. Most of the speciation within the Aratinga clades may have occurred during the last 5 Mya., but the divergence times between these clades seems to have occurred during the early Miocene. The biogeograhic pattern of the diversification of the Aratinga clades was complex, possibly related to the history of the Andes, multiple colonization of Central America before and after the closure of the Panama Isthmus and also Pleistocene glacial cycles. These results further refute the monophyly of genus Aratinga and a taxonomical revision may be necessary for the taxon. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 09/11911-9 - Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the genus Aratinga (Aves, Psittacidae) |
| Grantee: | André Murilo Magro Freddi |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Master |