Physical stress modulates lung tissue mechanics, cytokines and oxidative stress activation in guinea pigs with chronic allergic inflammation

Author(s)

Fabiana Gomes dos Reis

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD)
• Defense date: 2009-09-23

Examining board members

Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério; Carmen Silvia Valente Barbas; Wothan Tavares de Lima; Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco; Paulina Sannomiya

• Advisor: Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério

Abstract

There are evidences showing that stress can worsen asthma symptoms, but the exact mechanisms that link them are not clarified, especially in the distal lung parenchyma. Recently, the importance of the lung parenchyma has been emphasized in the modulations of the functional alterations, inflammatory and remodeling that characterizes asthma. These alterations have been observed in humans as well as experimental models of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Objectives: Our goals were to evaluate if lung tissue mechanics, activation of oxidative stress pathways, cytokines cellular expressions, eosinophil recruitment and the remodeling process of the extracellular matrix can be modulated by repeated physical stress, induced by forced swimming, in guinea pigs with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation. Methods: Animals were exposed to seven inhalations with ovalbumin increased doses (1~5mg/ml) or saline solution during four weeks (OVA and SAL groups). Twenty-four hours after the fourth inhalation animals were submitted to forced swimming protocol, that is a type of an unavoidable stress that induces an effort for survival with an escape deficit (SAL-E and OVA-E groups). Animals were exposed to the stress protocol for two periods of five days, intercalated by two days. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation animals were anesthetized, lung strips were removed and submitted to oscillatory mechanic evaluation. Resistance (Rt), elastance (Et) and hysteresivity were evaluated at base line and after OVA and acetylcholine challenge in bath. Rt and Et results were expressed as a % of baseline values. The pulmonary tissue strips were then submitted to histological and Immunohistochemistry analysis, to quantify the number of eosinophils, collagen, actin, 8-iso-PGF2a content and the number of positive cells for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-g and iNOS. Both adrenal glands were removed and weighted. The weight of the adrenal glands was corrected by the animals total weight. The serum levels of catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) and cortisol were also obtained. Results: There was an increase in Rt%, Et% after the antigenic challenge as well as after the acetylcholine challenge, in the number of eosinophils, 8-iso-PGF2a content, collagen and actin fibers and in the number of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and iNOS positive cells in the alveolar septum of the animals exposed to ovalbumin (OVA and OVA-E groups) when compared to the animals exposed to saline solution (SAL, p<0.05 for all comparisons). The sensitized guinea pigs submitted to the stress protocol (OVA-E group) presented an increase in Rt% and Et% after the OVA challenge when compared to the OVA group (p<0.05). Due to the acetylcholine challenge, we observed an increase only in the Et% in OVA-E group compared the OVA group (p<0.05). There was an increase in the IL-4 positive cells, in the 8-iso-PGF2a and actin content in OVA-E animals compared to OVA group (p<0.05). Considering the SAL-E group there was an increase in Rt% and Et% after acetylcholine challenge, in the number of iNOS, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-5, and IL-13 positive cells, as well as in the 8-iso-PGF2a content compared to SAL group (p<0.05). Finally, the relative adrenal weight and the serum cortisol levels were greater in the groups submitted to physical stress (SAL-E e OVA-E groups) when compared to the non-stressed groups (SAL and OVA groups, p<0.05). There was no difference in the catecholamine serum levels among the four experimental groups. Conclusion: The repeated forced swimming, as a stress model was capable of causing functional alterations like lung tissue constriction and increase in cytokines expression and 8-iso-PGF2a production. Besides that, in this chronic pulmonary inflammation, the repeated exposure to forced swimming was capable of empowering lung tissue constriction. This functional alteration was associated with an augmentation in actin and 8-iso-PGF2a content and in the number of IL-4 positive cells in the alveolar septum. These results suggest that activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways were involved in the modulation of stress responses in this animal model of chronic lung inflammation. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 08/03535-4 - Physical stress modulates lung tissue mechanics and iNOS activation in guinea pigs with chronic allergic inflammation
• Grantee: Fabiana Gomes dos Reis
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)