Abstract
The diversity of Neoplecostomus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 increased considerably in recent years. In the only taxonomic review available of the genus, Langeani (1990) recorded only one species to the Rio São Francisco Basin, N. franciscoensis, and also a single species to the Upper Rio Paraná Basin, N. paranensis. Further studies revealed the occurrence of others species in the Upper Ri…