Abstract
Kisspeptins are considered the main neuromodulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons (GnRH). Neurons expressing the Kiss1 gene located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and the rostral periventricular nucleus (AVPV/PeN) and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) secrete kisspeptins, coexpress estrogen receptor alpha, and project to GnRH neurons. Hypothalamic kisspep…