Abstract
global plastic production was 400 million tons in 2015, and according to estimates, 12 billion tons of plastic waste are expected to be produced by 2050. When plastics enter the environment, they degrade to form microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) that penetrate the body through respiration, ingestion of contaminated water and food, and skin. The intrauterine microenvironment has b…