Abstract
Topological Insulators (TI) are insulators with metallic edges when interfaced with vacuum or trivial insulator (TI'). The wavefunction acquires geometric phases distinct from TI' when run over a closed cycle in the Brillouin zone (BZ), defining topological invariants leading to such edges.The first known system of this kind, the Quantum Hall effect (QH) presents perfect metallic wires at…